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Showing 1945–1956 of 2512 results

The Jin Walls and Mongol Campaigns 1115–1234
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The Jin Walls and Mongol Campaigns 1115–1234
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Built of mud, basalt and wood from the desert saxaul bush, deep in the arid hinterland of the Gobi, the ‘Wall of Genghis Khan’ is both a misnomer (it was probably built by the Xia Dynasty) and a desolate monument to futility: constructed in around 1100, there is no evidence... More
The Jurassic World 220–145 million years ago
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The Jurassic World 220–145 million years ago
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The Jurassic period saw the continuation of the breakup of the primordial supercontinent, Pangea. A large southern continent, Gondwanaland, was balanced by a northern continental cluster, Laurasia. Here intense submarine volcanic activity caused the spreading of the ocean floor, in turn triggering subductions that would ultimately extrude the Andean, Tibetan... More
The Khazar Empire c. 700 CE
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The Khazar Empire c. 700 CE
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The Khazars were nomadic Asian warriors who conquered a huge swathe of territory to establish a large and powerful empire that extended from Central Asia to eastern Europe. The 7th-century Khazar ruler King Bulan decided to repudiate the pagan and idolatrous worship that beset his empire and led to widespread... More
The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042
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The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042
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“The Unready”, King Eathelred’s sobriquet, meant “ill-advised”, but he might justifiably be termed unlucky, as his accession in 979 at 13, was quickly followed by the resumption of concerted Viking raiding after a hiatus of several decades. His defeat by a Viking army at Maldon (991) led to a resumption... More
The Kingdom of Germany 919–1125
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The Kingdom of Germany 919–1125
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In 911, following the death of Louis the Child, the Carolingian dynasty ceased to reign in East Francia, and kingship became elective. The first rulers of the German kingdom were elected from the so-called “stem duchies”, which had emerged during the Frankish period, and sometimes were also called kingdoms –... More
The Kingdom of Holland 1806–10
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The Kingdom of Holland 1806–10
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The new kingdom of Holland replaced the Batavian Republic, which was a client state of revolutionary France, founded after the conquest of the Netherlands in 1795. The Republic governed itself, instituting political changes and improvements. When Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in May 1804, he was concerned about... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 1037
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The Kingdoms of Spain 1037
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The golden age of al-Andalus peaked during the late 10th century, when al-Mansur, an advisor at the Umayyad court, became the regent and effective ruler of al-Andalus. His dominance had, however, effectively eroded the perceived power of the emir and on his death in 1002 the rulers of a mosaic... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 1150
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The Kingdoms of Spain 1150
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In the latter half of the 11th century the warring Islamic states of Iberia (the taifas) became increasingly reliant on the Almoravids of North Africa, a Berber dynasty with a strong military tradition and strict adherence to Islam, to resist the advance of the Christian kingdoms from the north. In... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 1492
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The Kingdoms of Spain 1492
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The Christian kingdoms of Iberia vied with each other for dominance, and occasionally formed alliances. By the beginning of the 15th century four kingdoms were dominant: Castile (permanently united with Léon from 1230), Aragon, Navarre and Portugal. The decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 was a turning... More
The Kingdoms of Spain 910
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The Kingdoms of Spain 910
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In 910 much of the Iberian peninsula was governed by Muslims from the Maghreb (Moors) and was known as al-Andalus. The Muslim occupation of parts of the Iberia peninsula dates to the Umayyad victory over the Visigoths in 711. Al-Andalus was ruled by the emirs of Cordova, whose control over... More
The Known World according to Eratosthenes c. 220 BCE
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The Known World according to Eratosthenes c. 220 BCE
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Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene (present-day Libya) under Ptolemaic rule in c. 276 BCE. He became a renowned polymath, devising a mathematical sieve for determining prime numbers, and deducing with reasonable accuracy the circumference of the earth through latitudinal differences in shadow-length at noon. His mathematical bent influenced his Geography,... More
The Known World in 1490
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The Known World in 1490
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Europeans had travelled overland as far as China in search of wealth and trade. The 13th-century journey of the Venetian Marco Polo, who had travelled through along the ancient Silk Road, through Central Asia to China, where he had spent many years at the court of the Mongol Emperor Kublai... More