Edward III of England held a claim to the French throne in opposition to Philip VI, and both the Plantagenets and House of Valois laid claim to the duchy of Aquitaine. In 1337, when Philip confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine from Edward, the English king raised funds for a military... More
In the early 1400s, reforming Bohemian priest, Jan Hus, denounced corruption in the Catholic Church and the institution of the papacy. The Council of Constance was convened, supposedly to arbitrate, but Hus was seized there and burned as a heretic. Open revolt now broke out amongst his followers, the Hussites,... More
The Immelmann manoeuvre was first used in World War I aerial combat by German flying ace, Max Immelmann. This tactic was initially performed using Fokker Eindekkers, monoplane fighter aircraft. After attacking an aircraft, the attacker quickly reclimbed past the enemy aircraft and, on the verge of a stall, applied full... More
Since 1772, the British East India Company (a trading company) had hegemony over the Indian subcontinent and represented the British government. Over the years the Company had become increasingly oppressive and expansionist, alienating many Indians. Tensions finally erupted on 10 May 1857 amongst Indian sepoys who revolted against British command... More
Throughout the 1980s, Israel had increased the number of settlers in the Palestinian territories with the aim of gradual annexation, whilst growing Palestinian unemployment led to increased nationalist activity. On 8 December 1987 a number of Palestinians were killed on the northern border of the Gaza Strip in a road... More
In October 1940 Italy invaded Greece from Albania but the Greeks forced them back; in early 1941 the Italians failed in a further counterattack so Germany intervened. As German forces gathered in Bulgaria, the Allies realized that a Greek invasion seemed likely. Under the declaration of 1939, Britain was bound... More
Serbia was unfinished business for the Central Powers after the abortive invasion of 1914. Austria-Hungary, fighting on two fronts after Italy’s entry to the war, had been reluctant to attack Serbia again. But the crushing victory over Russia at Gorlice-Tarnow relieved their northern front, and then, in September 1915, Bulgaria... More
While the greatest concentrations of Irish Catholics in America remained eastern-based and urban, they would contribute significantly to the settlement of the American West. The 1849 Gold Rush attracted a substantial Irish influx to California: by 1880 37 per cent of the population of San Francisco was Irish. In the... More
The Irish rebellion, which began in Ulster in 1641, was launched by Irish Catholic gentry who attempted to seize control of the English administration in Ireland and gain concessions for Catholics. The revolt may have also been precipitated by long-standing grievances caused by the Ulster Plantation of 1610. The attempted... More
In the two and a half years following their entry into the war, the Italian army launched a total of eleven battles along the Isonzo. Throughout, the Austro-Hungarian forces would follow the maxim of their commander Boroevic, ‘build positions, place obstacles in front of them and stay there’. Bar a... More
Marshal Cadorna was Italian Chief of Staff until he was unseated in the aftermath of the debacle of the Battle of Caporetto in November 1917. He was notable for his extreme incompetence, which was only matched by his ineptitude. The early Isonzo battles displayed, unadulterated, his standard modus operandi, artillery... More
Diverted from the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo to repel the Trentino invasion, the Italians returned to the scene for the Sixth Battle, the most successful battle of the series, which included the capture of the Gorizia bridgehead east of the river. The remaining engagements of 1916 sought to expand... More