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The Homeric World
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The Homeric World
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It is generally accepted that the semi-legendary poems, the Odyssey and the Iliad, were composed around the late 8th or early 7th century BCE, either by a single poet or by many contributors. The Iliad is a summary in verse of the long war between Troy and the Greeks. It... More
The Horn of Africa c. 1500
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The Horn of Africa c. 1500
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The Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia could already claim a lineage of over a thousand years by the 15th century: it sent envoys to Henry IV of England and established diplomatic relations with Portugal. However, as the century progressed it was increasingly threatened by Islamic neighbours – the Funj Sultanate to... More
The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453
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The Hundred Years’ War 1337–1453
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England and France were rarely far from the brink of conflict, and the ‘confiscation’ of Aquitaine by the French king, Philip IV, was more than enough for King Edward III of England. He claimed the French throne, and devastated rural France with massed cavalry raids: ‘chevauchées’. French attempts to confront... More
The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Prince 1337–56
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The Hundred Years’ War and the Black Prince 1337–56
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Edward III of England held a claim to the French throne in opposition to Philip VI, and both the Plantagenets and House of Valois laid claim to the duchy of Aquitaine. In 1337, when Philip confiscated the duchy of Aquitaine from Edward, the English king raised funds for a military... More
The Hussite Crusades 1420–31
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The Hussite Crusades 1420–31
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In the early 1400s, reforming Bohemian priest, Jan Hus, denounced corruption in the Catholic Church and the institution of the papacy. The Council of Constance was convened, supposedly to arbitrate, but Hus was seized there and burned as a heretic. Open revolt now broke out amongst his followers, the Hussites,... More
The Immelmann Turn 1914–15
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The Immelmann Turn 1914–15
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The Immelmann manoeuvre was first used in World War I aerial combat by German flying ace, Max Immelmann. This tactic was initially performed using Fokker Eindekkers, monoplane fighter aircraft. After attacking an aircraft, the attacker quickly reclimbed past the enemy aircraft and, on the verge of a stall, applied full... More
The Indian Mutiny 1857
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The Indian Mutiny 1857
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Since 1772, the British East India Company (a trading company) had hegemony over the Indian subcontinent and represented the British government. Over the years the Company had become increasingly oppressive and expansionist, alienating many Indians. Tensions finally erupted on 10 May 1857 amongst Indian sepoys who revolted against British command... More
The Intifada February–December 1992
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The Intifada February–December 1992
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Throughout the 1980s, Israel had increased the number of settlers in the Palestinian territories with the aim of gradual annexation, whilst growing Palestinian unemployment led to increased nationalist activity. On 8 December 1987 a number of Palestinians were killed on the northern border of the Gaza Strip in a road... More
The Invasion of Greece 6–30 April 1941
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The Invasion of Greece 6–30 April 1941
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In October 1940 Italy invaded Greece from Albania but the Greeks forced them back; in early 1941 the Italians failed in a further counterattack so Germany intervened. As German forces gathered in Bulgaria, the Allies realized that a Greek invasion seemed likely. Under the declaration of 1939, Britain was bound... More
The Invasion of Serbia October–November 1915
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The Invasion of Serbia October–November 1915
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Serbia was unfinished business for the Central Powers after the abortive invasion of 1914. Austria-Hungary, fighting on two fronts after Italy’s entry to the war, had been reluctant to attack Serbia again. But the crushing victory over Russia at Gorlice-Tarnow relieved their northern front, and then, in September 1915, Bulgaria... More
The Irish Move West 1870–90
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The Irish Move West 1870–90
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While the greatest concentrations of Irish Catholics in America remained eastern-based and urban, they would contribute significantly to the settlement of the American West. The 1849 Gold Rush attracted a substantial Irish influx to California: by 1880 37 per cent of the population of San Francisco was Irish. In the... More
The Irish Uprising and the English Civil War 1641–43
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The Irish Uprising and the English Civil War 1641–43
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The Irish rebellion, which began in Ulster in 1641, was launched by Irish Catholic gentry who attempted to seize control of the English administration in Ireland and gain concessions for Catholics. The revolt may have also been precipitated by long-standing grievances caused by the Ulster Plantation of 1610. The attempted... More