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Showing 1897–1908 of 2512 results

The Great Mosque of Kilwa from c. 950
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The Great Mosque of Kilwa from c. 950
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The Great Mosque of Kilwa in Tanzania is said to be one of the earliest of its kind in East Africa. Although it is now in ruins, it was built when Kilwa Kisiwani (‘isle of the fish’), was once a flourishing empire. The mosque was constructed in at least two... More
The Great Northern 1857–1970
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The Great Northern 1857–1970
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The Great Northern (GN) was a major American railroad that operated from St Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington from 1857–1970. The only privately funded transcontinental route in the US and the most northerly, it was developed from the Saint Paul & Pacific Railroad. It was built incrementally, using land purchased... More
The Great Northern War 1700–21
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The Great Northern War 1700–21
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The Swedish Empire was dominant in northern Europe around the turn of the 18th century. Peter the Great was seeking to extend Russia’s influence and needed access to Baltic ports to expand trade. Russia formed an alliance with Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland and began a combined attack against Sweden in February... More
The Great Schism of 1054
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The Great Schism of 1054
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The Eastern and Western churches had become increasingly estranged from the 5h century onwards. Doctrinal divisions were reflected in growing cultural divisions. In the Byzantine church the head of state was also head of the church – irreconcilable with the independence (at least in aspiration) of the papacy. Pope Leo... More
The Greek Tyrannies 7th to 6th Centuries BCE
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The Greek Tyrannies 7th to 6th Centuries BCE
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As the early Greek states made the transition from aristocracy to democracy, a number of states were ruled by tyrants – individuals who seized and wielded power. However, the Greek word for tyrant simply means ‘sole ruler’; often the tyrants arose as people’s champions, who stood up for their rights... More
The Growth of Irish Nationalism 1895
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The Growth of Irish Nationalism 1895
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W.B. Yeats described Ireland in the 1890s as a nation ‘now plastic’ like ‘molten wax’ ready to be shaped and transformed. But those who sought to mould that destiny were contentious and divided. The Home Rule movement had been riven by the fall from grace of its charismatic champion, Charles... More
The Growth of London 1350–1590
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The Growth of London 1350–1590
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Since medieval times, London has expanded from a walled city. The separate town of Westminster became significant with the building of Westminster Hall and Westminster Abbey, an area that was home to the royal court and later parliament. The River Thames was a critical gateway for wool and agricultural exports,... More
The Growth of NATO 1949–2023
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The Growth of NATO 1949–2023
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) came into being in April 1949, when a treaty was signed by ten western European countries from the continent’s western seaboard, from Portugal in the south to Iceland in the north, plus Canada, and, critically, the United States. The Treaty afforded a collective security... More
The Growth of the Hajj
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The Growth of the Hajj
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The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca occurs during the last month of the Islamic calendar and, as one of the five pillars of Islam, is a journey every Muslim should make at least once during their lifetime. With the advent of modern technologies, particularly cheap air travel, the number of foreign... More
The Growth of Universities 12th–15th centuries
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The Growth of Universities 12th–15th centuries
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The precursor to the development of universities in Europe was the reform programme of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), whose centralization of papal power and expansion of canon law led to a drive for the professionalization of the clergy. His 1079 papal decree regulated the formation of cathedral schools, some of... More
The Gulf War Phase 1: 17 January to 23 February 1991
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The Gulf War Phase 1: 17 January to 23 February 1991
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By 1990, the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was ruinously in debt owing to his long war with Iran. Most of this debt was owed to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, who ignored Saddam’s requests for commutation. Moreover, Iraq’s oil revenues were depressed by Kuwaiti/Saudi overproduction; together with some confected territorial claims... More
The Gulf War Phase 2: 24–26 February 1991
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The Gulf War Phase 2: 24–26 February 1991
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From the middle of February, the US-led coalition subjected Iraqi positions and facilities to massive bombardment. In addition, feint assaults were made, coupled with naval shelling from the Persian Gulf, to give the impression the main attack would come from the south. Instead, early on the 24th, the coalition launched... More