The ‘official’ start date for the First Crusade ordained by Pope Urban II was 15 August 1096, the Feast of the Assumption. Caught up in the general fervour, unofficial armies of peasants, accompanied by knights errant, set off early under the loose command of a charismatic priest, Peter the Hermit.... More
NATO began their ‘Forward Defence’ strategy, after the June 1950 invasion of South Korea by Soviet-backed North Korea. It was developed to defend central Europe against invasion by the Soviet Union, considered by the Allies to be an aggressive superpower. If the Soviet Union was undeterred by the US’s possession... More
While moral opposition to slavery amongst American colonists swelled during the 18th century, it would, ironically, be a sworn enemy, the British Governor of New York who would institute the first concrete measure towards emancipation. Lord Dunmore offered black slave recruits to his Ethiopian Regiment their freedom in return for... More
In the aftermath of the French Revolution, having quelled the Royalist uprising of 13 Vendémiaire (5 October) in 1795, the young General Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) rose rapidly through the ranks of the French army to become one of the most successful military commanders in world history. In 1799 he orchestrated... More
The Jewish rebellion began in Caesarea, and quickly escalated to full-scale rebellion, after the Roman governor raided the treasury of the Temple in Jerusalem to recoup unpaid taxes. With the puppet king, Herod Agrippa, fleeing the city, the Syrian legate, Cestius Gallus, was summoned south to quell the uprising. His... More
With four full Roman legions bearing down on them, bent on their destruction, the rebellious Jewish defenders of Jerusalem decided to embark on a full-scale civil war. While there were numerous sub-factions, the heart of the conflict pitted Zealot refugees from the rebellion in Galilee against the Sanhedrin, or Religious... More
Often known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the period between the Tang and Song dynasties was a time of turmoil. In quick succession ‘dynasties’ – none lasting more than 17 years – were founded and usurped by different military leaders; non-Chinese northern tribes founded three of the five... More
By oral tradition, the Confederacy of the Five Nations was achieved through the efforts of a prophet known as the Great Peacemaker, aided by the oratory of Hiawatha. The five nations of the southern Great Lakes region were brought together in a great ‘League of Peace’. The depiction of a... More
Elbert Gary had a meteoric second career. An attorney, and for a while, a judge, until his mid-fifties, he then crossed to the steel industry. Within three years he was the first chairman of the world’s first billion-dollar corporation, US Steel, which was created out of three separate companies. Gary... More
After the disastrous failure of Austria-Hungary’s Galician campaign in the autumn of 1915, the Austrian fortress of Przemysl was left isolated and defiant as the Russians occupied all the surrounding territory in the wake of the Austro-Hungarian retreat. From 9 November–22 March Russian forces trapped 130,000 Habsburg troops. By 19... More
Since the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the papacy had retained substantial landholdings through the patrimony of St Peter, but continued to recognize the temporal authority of the eastern emperor in Constantinople. In the early 8th century, a rift developed over doctrinal differences and increasing imperial... More
From the moment it sailed, the Fourth Crusade was dominated by the commercial and political imperatives of the supplier of their fleet, the Doge of Venice. With the crusaders unable to pay, the Doge threatened to intern them in the harbor unless they subdued Venice’s trading competitors in the Adriatic,... More