The 1921–22 Russian famine left millions without food and is thought to have killed between five to eight million people. It was at its most devastating in the Volga and Tatar regions and is thought to have been the result of natural and human causes. It began with severe drought... More
Antebellum southern Democrats opposed measures promoting individual land-holding in the West, since such settlers would tend to oppose slavery. Once war began, the unshackled Republicans introduced the Homestead Act (1862), offering lots of 160 acres of undeveloped land for minimal fees. This inspired a rush of westward settlement, which would... More
The severe penalties placed upon the defeated countries of World War I under the Treaty of Versailles fostered conditions that encouraged right wing nationalist political ideologies to flourish. Fascism as a political ideology first emerged in Italy and grew under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, who seized power in 1922... More
Many members of the clergy had cooperated with the anti-Bolshevik White Armies during the Russian civil war of 1918–22 and the Church was subject to severe persecution throughout the 1920s and 1930s, although Soviet figures estimate that one-third of the urban population and two-thirds of the rural population still held... More
By 1925, millions of Americans owned cars. Prior to the rise of the automobile, most roads outside towns and cities were no more than improved wagon trails. Highways tended to be made of cobblestones and confined to major cities. Profit-making organizations formed to fund and build highways, but a lack... More
The crescent of fertile land that curves from the Nile Valley to the Persian Gulf is commonly credited as the cradle of civilization. It enjoyed several unique advantages: on the land bridge between three continents, it retained greater biodiversity than the surrounding landmasses, particularly of edible and potential cultivar plants.... More
The Third Crusade had re-established a viable Kingdom of Jerusalem, but failed to secure the ultimate prize, Jerusalem itself. Well-resourced and with a coherent masterplan, the Fifth Crusade started with admirable prospects of success. The first army arrived in the Holy Land in 1217, led by Andrew II of Hungary,... More
The Germans had decided to use the airships as part of an aerial bombing campaign against Britain. The first German airship raids on Britain were in Norfolk on the night of the 19/20 January 1915. The raid was originally intended for Humberside, but was diverted to Norfolk because of bad... More
By the dawn of the Republic in 509 BCE, Rome was a substantial settlement. Its first bridge spanning the Tiber, Pons Sublicius, had been built by its fourth king, Ancus Marcius, in 642 BCE, channelling trade to a bustling cattle and food market, the Forum Boarium, and the city docks... More
The ‘official’ start date for the First Crusade ordained by Pope Urban II was 15 August 1096, the Feast of the Assumption. Caught up in the general fervour, unofficial armies of peasants, accompanied by knights errant, set off early under the loose command of a charismatic priest, Peter the Hermit.... More
NATO began their ‘Forward Defence’ strategy, after the June 1950 invasion of South Korea by Soviet-backed North Korea. It was developed to defend central Europe against invasion by the Soviet Union, considered by the Allies to be an aggressive superpower. If the Soviet Union was undeterred by the US’s possession... More
While moral opposition to slavery amongst American colonists swelled during the 18th century, it would, ironically, be a sworn enemy, the British Governor of New York who would institute the first concrete measure towards emancipation. Lord Dunmore offered black slave recruits to his Ethiopian Regiment their freedom in return for... More