Timur ‘the lame’, sought to emulate Genghis Khan, and resembled him in both the breadth of his conquests and appetite for destruction. Born in Transoxiana to minor nobility, he became first general to the proxy ruler of the western Chagatai Khanate. After conquering Persia in the 1380s, he turned on... More
In the mid-1990s the Colombian cartels controlled 75–80 per cent of the US cocaine market, reaping profits of $6-8 billion per year. The cartels trafficked through northern Mexico, where Mexican drug transporters facilitated movement of drugs across the Mexican/US border. The cartels began by smuggling marijuana but discovered in the... More
The Battle of the Dukla Pass saw heavy fighting as Soviet forces attempted to push into Czechoslovakia in order to provide assistance to the Slovak uprising, which began on 29 August 1944. The Germans had built heavy fortifications in the Carpathian Mountains along the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia, which... More
The Twelve Years’ Truce (1609), was a form of triumph for the seven United Provinces. Merely by signing it, their former overlords Spain tacitly acknowledged their independent existence after 40 years of rebellion. It began with the ‘Statue Storm’ (1566), the destruction of Catholic icons, and rapidly became military. Initial... More
The Easter Rising was probably doomed before it began. The nationalist Roger Casement had arranged for the Germans to ship arms to the rebels; when the shipment was intercepted, the leading Irish Volunteers commander, Eoin MacNeill, withdrew from the enterprise. However, the rebels forfeited their main opportunity to prolong resistance... More
In the immediate aftermath of the Easter uprising the British authorities, taken by surprise, responded cautiously, uncertain of the forces and armaments arrayed against them. Martial law was declared on 25 April, and Brigadier General William Lowe arrived from Curragh barracks to take command of British operations. The approaches to... More
When war was declared on 17 August 1914, the configuration of the eastern front presented Russia with a mixture of opportunity and risk. Their Polish dominions formed a huge salient into the territory of the Central Powers, which Russia used as a springboard for an immediate strike against East Prussia... More
Between August–December 1914, the overall picture on the eastern front displayed a dynamic equilibrium. In the north, German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes had the Russians in retreat but, in the south, the Russians had achieved equally decisive victories over General Conrad’s Austro-Hungarian army in the Battle of... More
From the outset, the eastern front was a very different theatre of war to the western front, vastly more extended, traversing plains and mountain ranges, much of it sparsely populated with poor communications and transport. The Germans, wedded to the Schlieffen Plan, hoped their strong eastern defences and Austrian allies... More
The first 18 months of the war ruthlessly exposed the military deficiencies of both Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russia had initiated the war with bravado, two armies immediately invading East Prussia, but a brilliant German counteroffensive saw both armies routed at a cost of some 200,000 casualties. However, the Austro-Hungarian attempt... More
For most of the 50 years after the Persian wars, Athens enjoyed its ‘golden age’. In 461 BCE, the statesman and orator, Pericles, already an important figure in Athens, emerged as leader of Athens’ democratic party. He was also elected ‘leading general’ after establishing Athenian colonies on the Black Sea... More
Upon the death, without surviving issue, of Amenhotep, the Egyptian throne passed in 1506 BCE to a senior military commander Thutmose I, the third pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. He almost at once faced a rebellion in Nubia, which he crushed, personally killing the rebel leader. He followed this with... More