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The Beginnings of Agriculture c. 5000 BC
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The Beginnings of Agriculture c. 5000 BC
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The domestication of animals and crops for human consumption occurred independently in a number of regions around the world between roughly 13,000 BCE and 6000 BCE. Dogs were one of the first species to be domesticated, playing an important role in hunting wild animals and later herding livestock animals for... More
The Bighorn Campaign 1876
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The Bighorn Campaign 1876
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By an 1868 Treaty, the Sioux were permitted to hunt in the territories to the west of their reservation in Dakota. However, when gold was discovered there in 1874, the government unilaterally rescinded this entitlement. Becoming aware the Sioux were defying their eviction, a three-pronged offensive was organized in spring... More
The Black Death in the British Isles 1348–51
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The Black Death in the British Isles 1348–51
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The plague arrived in the British Isles, via a Gascon sailor, in Melcombe in Dorset in June 1348. The first city to witness its ‘grievous ornament’, the tell-tale black pustules or ‘buboes’, would be Bristol. London’s outbreak coincided with Candlemas (1 November); by the following July it had reached Durham.... More
The Black Death, 1346–53
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The Black Death, 1346–53
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The Black Death, which is believed to have originated near China or the Mongolian steppes, was a catastrophic outbreak of plague that resulted in an estimated 25 million deaths across Europe alone. Caused by bacteria transmitted by rat-borne fleas, the disease took hold in both urban and rural areas and... More
The Black Population on the Eve of the American Revolution 1770
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The Black Population on the Eve of the American Revolution 1770
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In the earliest days of the colonies, the first black Africans imported were indentured, achieving their freedom by fulfilling a term of service, or by converting to Christianity. At this stage, captured Indians were more likely to be enslaved. Charles Town in the Province of Carolina was founded in 1670... More
The Blast Furnaces of Southeast England c. 1574
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The Blast Furnaces of Southeast England c. 1574
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Julius Caesar noted the smelting of iron on the Weald by native Britons at the time of his invasion. The Romans continued the industry, but it was discontinued after the Saxon invasions and not revived until the Medieval period. The blast furnace was pioneered in Belgium, with its first recorded... More
The Blitz September 1940–May 1941
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The Blitz September 1940–May 1941
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The Blitz, German for ‘lightning’, was a strategic bombing campaign by the Nazis against London and other British cities, including Plymouth, Liverpool, Coventry, Glasgow and Belfast. Used as retaliation for British bombing raids on Berlin, the Luftwaffe dropped bombs day and night, claiming many lives and destroying national landmarks. Use... More
The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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When Trotsky consigned the Bolsheviks’ rivals in Petrograd to ‘the dustbin of history’, he seemed ridiculously premature. Russia was awash with rival factions vying for power, most of which seemed to have stronger prospects of ultimate success than Lenin’s band of revolutionaries. But the Bolsheviks had some crucial advantages. To... More
The Bombing of England 1914–17
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The Bombing of England 1914–17
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On 21 December 1914 two sea-planes bombed Dover, causing no injuries. This was the first German air raid and targeted southeastern ports. On 19 January 1915, the Zeppelin raids began. Known as ‘baby killers’ these unwieldy hydrogen gas planes often missed their targets: the Guildford bombing killed a swan and... More
The Bombing of Paris 1914–17
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The Bombing of Paris 1914–17
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From the beginning of the 1914–18 conflict, central Paris was raided by German mono and biplanes. The first recorded air attack was on 13 October 1914 when two Tauben monoplanes dropped bombs in central Paris, causing little damage. Attacks escalated in 1915 when the Germans began using giant hydrogen powered,... More
The Border Lordships 1500–1600
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The Border Lordships 1500–1600
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The Scottish Marches were first introduced in the 13th century, in theory to stabilize a region notorious for its lawlessness, but with little noticeable effect. Frequent Anglo-Scottish conflict made farming unprofitable, spawning the Border Reivers (raiders) who subsisted on rustling and protection rackets. When war broke out, the Reivers acted... More
The Borders 1500–1600
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The Borders 1500–1600
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The Marches along the Scots/English borders were first formally defined in 1249, with the intention of creating a buffer zone between the perpetually warring kingdoms. In practice, it meant the clans either side of the border were able to raid with impunity, by alternating their allegiances. The modern word ‘blackmail’... More