By 5 September, Allied forces had been in continuous retreat for two weeks and were close to exhaustion. The advancing German army appeared poised to encircle Paris. With a last vestige of the ‘offensive spirit’ symbolized by the defunct Plan XVII, Marshal Joffre resolved to counterattack, dragooning the support of... More
Between 8–9 September 1914 the German advance into France was halted by the Allies. That night the French 5th Army capitalized on the resolution shown by the 6th Army and counterattacked the German 2nd Army, cleaving a broader gap between the two German armies. The German Chief of Staff, Herman... More
This naval battle took place on 1–2 August in Aboukir Bay, off the coast of Egypt. It was between British and French fleets and ended in a British victory. General Napoleon Bonaparte mobilized ships in the region, in an attempt to cut off vital British trade routes, obstructing Britain’s access... More
At the beginning of the war, the plain of the Woevre formed a buffer zone between German and French fortifications on the Metz ridges and Meuse heights. On 19 September, a German advance sortie to the west of the plain found it thinly defended by inexperienced reservists. A rapid forward... More
On 26 December 1776, the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, ended in a Christmas Day victory for General George Washington. 2,400 American troops took on 1,400 of Colonel Rall’s German Hessian troops, who were fighting for the British. Washington’s enlisted army attacked the British line in lower Delaware, crossing the... More
By February 1900, Louis Botha’s Boer irregulars had repulsed three attempts by General Sir Redvers Buller to cross the Tugela and relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith. The humiliation of these defeats led to Buller’s replacement as British Commander-in-Chief by Lord Roberts. Now, Buller returned to the scene of his... More
On 11 October 1776, a British fleet commanded by Sir Guy Carleton defeated American gunboats at the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain, in New York state. Carleton sailed southwards from St Johns, a settlement in the near north, across Lake Champlain. As he passed Valcour Island, he sighted... More
The battle was fought on the Marchfeld, a plain northeast of Vienna on the opposite bank of the river Danube between 188,000 French and allied troops under Napoleon and 155,000 Austrians under Archduke Charles. After a defeat at Aspern-Essling in May, Napoleon needed a victory to restore his military reputation... More
The Battle of White Plains in New York pitted 14,000 British and German troops against 14,500 Americans on 28 October 1776. The battle was ‘drawn’, with the Americans pulling back and the British failing to block their escape route. The British General, Sir William Howe, led his army to White... More
While outwardly professing neutrality, Governor Claiborne Jackson secretly invited Confederate forces to ‘liberate’ Missouri. On 9 August 1861, Union General Nathaniel Lyon came upon a Confederate Army under General McCulloch, backed by Missouri militia under Sterling Price. Outnumbered 2 to 1, he decided to withdraw, after first launching an attack... More
The main operational bases for German U-Boat sorties were strung along the French Biscay coast, with massive concrete fortifications rendering their harbouring sites immune to Allied bombing. The strategic aim of U-Boat attacks on Allied convoys was to destroy shipping tonnage at a rate beyond replacement capacity; in their Happy... More
In 1981, the first cases of what is now known as AIDs (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) emerged in California and New York. It manifested itself as a rare pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia – PCP) in four previously healthy gay men in California, and Kaposi’s Sarcoma, an unusually aggressive cancer, amongst... More