After the fall of France, the Germans needed air superiority over Britain’s Royal Air Force to facilitate invasion under Operation Sealion. There had been mass Allied evacuation across the Channel from the French western ports in June 1940, and the following month the Luftwaffe launched attacks on ships in the... More
The 216 BCE Battle of Cannae, fought during the Second Punic War, was one of the earliest, and most successful, examples of the double envelopment, or pincer movement, in order to complete a battle of annihilation. Since crossing the Alps into Italy, the Carthaginian general, Hannibal Barca, had already achieved... More
Fresh from the capture of the town of Jackson, General Ulysses S. Grant’s Army of the Tennessee was closing on its primary target, the Mississippi River stronghold of Vicksburg. On the morning of 16 May, his advance division, under General Hovey, rounded a bend in the Jackson Road and was... More
The Ottoman forces at Ctesiphon were well entrenched and fortified, and the Tigris blocked by boat bridges and mined. As the west bank proved impassable, the British opened their attack on 22 November on the east bank, where layered defences were fronted by a dry moat the Ottomans flooded. Major-General... More
The Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746, the last pitched battle to be fought on British soil, signaled the end of the Jacobite era. The Jacobites wanted to remove the Hanoverian ‘usurper’ George II from the throne and replace him with a Roman Catholic, and Stuart descendant, Charles Edward... More
The Battle of Darbytown Rd, Virginia, on 7 October 1864 was a Confederate attempt to retake ground lost by the taking of Confederate fortifications near Chaffin’s Bluff. General Robert E. Lee, the Confederate commander, launched a major offensive on Darbytown Rd, north of the James River. Under the direct command... More
In autumn 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood was despatched to Tennessee in a desperate attempt to divert Union General William T. Sherman’s rampaging March to the Sea through the Confederacy. Sherman would not be diverted, but did send General John Schofield with his Army of the Ohio to defend... More
After losing the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, Darius III fled the battlefield in such haste that his army headquarters staff was captured, including the royal family, his wife and two daughters. He retreated eastward into the Achaemenid Persian Empire’s heartlands, where he could set about raising new armies... More
King Philip II of Macedonia had conceived a plan to attack the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which was in disarray after the murder of its king, Artaxerxes, in 338 BCE. In the spring of 336 BCE he sent ahead an advance force to seize a bridgehead on the Asian side of... More
On 28 August 1914, British Commander Tyrwhitt, using two light cruisers, the Fearless and Arethusa, and several other destroyers, sunk two German torpedo boats in the bight, a semi-enclosed body of water close to northern Germany. Used to shelter German ships and thought to be a launch-pad for German assaults... More
The British Battle Fleet was determined to prevent the Germans from achieving a successful outcome at the Battle of Jutland (31 May–1 June). German success would end the British blockade of goods to Germany, as well as enabling them to get access to the Atlantic. By 9.00 pm on the... More
In one of the most decisive naval battles in history, the Battle of Lepanto saw the Holy League – a Christian alliance of countries including the Republic of Venice, the Papacy, Spain, Republic of Genoa, Duchy of Savoy, Knights Hospitaller and the Habsburgs – led by Don Juan of Austria... More