In autumn 1864, Confederate General John Bell Hood was despatched to Tennessee in a desperate attempt to divert Union General William T. Sherman’s rampaging March to the Sea through the Confederacy. Sherman would not be diverted, but did send General John Schofield with his Army of the Ohio to defend... More
After losing the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE, Darius III fled the battlefield in such haste that his army headquarters staff was captured, including the royal family, his wife and two daughters. He retreated eastward into the Achaemenid Persian Empire’s heartlands, where he could set about raising new armies... More
King Philip II of Macedonia had conceived a plan to attack the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which was in disarray after the murder of its king, Artaxerxes, in 338 BCE. In the spring of 336 BCE he sent ahead an advance force to seize a bridgehead on the Asian side of... More
On 28 August 1914, British Commander Tyrwhitt, using two light cruisers, the Fearless and Arethusa, and several other destroyers, sunk two German torpedo boats in the bight, a semi-enclosed body of water close to northern Germany. Used to shelter German ships and thought to be a launch-pad for German assaults... More
The British Battle Fleet was determined to prevent the Germans from achieving a successful outcome at the Battle of Jutland (31 May–1 June). German success would end the British blockade of goods to Germany, as well as enabling them to get access to the Atlantic. By 9.00 pm on the... More
In one of the most decisive naval battles in history, the Battle of Lepanto saw the Holy League – a Christian alliance of countries including the Republic of Venice, the Papacy, Spain, Republic of Genoa, Duchy of Savoy, Knights Hospitaller and the Habsburgs – led by Don Juan of Austria... More
In 1942 the Japanese had overrun the Philippines, but by mid 1944 the aircraft carriers of the American fleet under Admiral Chester Nimitz were within range of the islands and able to bomb the Japanese positions and airfields. For the Japanese, maintaining control of the Philippines was essential because their... More
This battle, fought between the Austrians at French, in Piedmont, Italy, was a victory for Napoleon, and the culmination of his Italian campaign in the summer of 1800. In June about 31,000 Austrian forces were gathered in the city of Alessandria. Napoleon, fed false information by a double agent, mistakenly... More
When Thutmose III marched on Megiddo against the Canaanite tribes led by the king of Kadesh, he was presented with a choice of three routes to his target. Against the advice of his generals, he took the road less travelled, through a ravine, and surprised his enemies. He emerged at... More
The Battle of Mons was a product of poor intelligence and coordination between the Allies in the wake of three defeats in rapid succession by the advancing Germans culminating in the Battle of Charleroi. General Lanrezac had ordered a general retreat of the French 5th Army but neglected to advise... More
Following the initial crusade against the heretical Cathars in southwest France, the northern baron Simon of Montfort had been awarded substantial territory as a reward for taking up arms against them. In 1213 Peter II of Aragon, who was a Catholic, intervened because he was alarmed by de Montfort’s growing... More
Occupying a strong defensive position before the city of Nashville, Union commander George H. Thomas enjoyed a near 2:1 numerical advantage over his opponent John Bell Hood’s Army of the Tennessee. To exploit this superiority, he launched a diversionary attack on the Confederate right flank while Generals Smith and Wilson... More