Also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, the Battle of Austerlitz was one of Napoleon’s greatest victories, when his 68,000-strong Grand Armée defeated the 90,000-strong combined forces of Russia and Austria, led by Emperor Alexander I and the Hoy Roman Emperor Francis II respectively. French forces had seized... More
The Kingdom of Armenia was situated rather precariously between the two major imperial powers, Sassanid Persia and the Byzantines. Armenia was Christian, but had become a vassal of the Zoroastrian Sassanids. In 449, Yazdegerd II, the Sassanid king, believing their religion rendered the Armenians unreliable allies against their fellow Christians,... More
In June 1314 the Scots, under Robert the Bruce, besieged the English garrison at Stirling castle. Bruce had declared himself king and, determined to oust the English, had already captured and burned many of their castles. Stirling Castle was close to the border and therefore strategically important. The English king,... More
Kentucky had declared itself neutral in the Civil War, but when Confederate General Leonidas Polk learned the Union were openly recruiting there, he moved an army into the state, occupying the stronghold of Columbus overlooking the Mississippi. Union General Ulysses S. Grant was sent with a force in steamboats to... More
The battle fought at Borodino, about 75 miles (120 km) west of Moscow, was part of Napoleon’s Russia campaign and involved between 130,000 French troops and 120,000 Russians. The Russians, under General Kutuzov, had been instructed by Tsar Alexander I to halt the French advance into Moscow. Fortifications were built... More
After 30 years of internecine war and fluctuating allegiances, both King Richard III and the contender for this throne, Henry Tudor, were saddled with mutable allies at Bosworth in Leicestershire, ready to switch with the fortunes of battle. When the two vanguards clashed in marshy ground on the morning of... More
After the fall of France, the Germans needed air superiority over Britain’s Royal Air Force to facilitate invasion under Operation Sealion. There had been mass Allied evacuation across the Channel from the French western ports in June 1940, and the following month the Luftwaffe launched attacks on ships in the... More
The 216 BCE Battle of Cannae, fought during the Second Punic War, was one of the earliest, and most successful, examples of the double envelopment, or pincer movement, in order to complete a battle of annihilation. Since crossing the Alps into Italy, the Carthaginian general, Hannibal Barca, had already achieved... More
Fresh from the capture of the town of Jackson, General Ulysses S. Grant’s Army of the Tennessee was closing on its primary target, the Mississippi River stronghold of Vicksburg. On the morning of 16 May, his advance division, under General Hovey, rounded a bend in the Jackson Road and was... More
The Ottoman forces at Ctesiphon were well entrenched and fortified, and the Tigris blocked by boat bridges and mined. As the west bank proved impassable, the British opened their attack on 22 November on the east bank, where layered defences were fronted by a dry moat the Ottomans flooded. Major-General... More
The Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746, the last pitched battle to be fought on British soil, signaled the end of the Jacobite era. The Jacobites wanted to remove the Hanoverian ‘usurper’ George II from the throne and replace him with a Roman Catholic, and Stuart descendant, Charles Edward... More
The Battle of Darbytown Rd, Virginia, on 7 October 1864 was a Confederate attempt to retake ground lost by the taking of Confederate fortifications near Chaffin’s Bluff. General Robert E. Lee, the Confederate commander, launched a major offensive on Darbytown Rd, north of the James River. Under the direct command... More