In the late 1870s America was in the grip of a savage and protracted depression, and, through the Compromise of 1877, southern Democrats were able to exploit a disputed Presidential election to extract a number of concessions, ending Reconstruction and occupation by Northern troops and securing the power to reverse... More
The 1905 Russian Revolution swept across the Russian Empire and began when Russian Cossacks attacked a peaceful demonstration of workers. This acted as a catalyst for empire-wide uprisings. On the battleship Potemkin the crewmembers, several of whom were revolutionaries, were tired of their appalling working conditions, including being fed maggot... More
The UK General Election of February 1910 handed a providential opportunity to the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and their quest for Home Rule. The sponsors of the two previous Home Rule Bills (1886 and 1893), the Liberal Party, obtained a lead of just two seats over the inveterately anti-Home Rule... More
France was a dominant power in Europe during the 17th century, which was period of consolidation of French territory and acquisition of feudal territories, commencing in 1601 when Henry IV of France intervened against the Duke of Savoy, who had been plotting against him. By the Treaty of Lyon France... More
The accession of the Stuart King James I (1603) unified the monarchies but not the polities of England and Scotland. Following the Restoration, Scottish Presbyterian Covenanters considered themselves betrayed by Charles II’s disavowal of the Treaty of Breda (1650), which had guaranteed support for their religious objectives, and mounted a... More
As US forces moved closer to Baghdad, a crucial deception plan paid off when a large number of Iraqi troops were moved north of Baghdad on 2 April to protect it from a supposed US attack from Turkey. The Iraqi troops were moved from the strategically important Karbala gap between... More
Following a lengthy build up of political support for the invasion of Iraq within the US, and mixed support amongst its western allies, some 100,000 US troops were deployed to Kuwait in mid-February 2003. The invasion was launched in earnest on 20 March following preliminary airstrikes against Iraqi observation positions... More
In 1978, a coup by left-wing army officers overthrew the Afghan government. With Soviet support, a coalition of Communist factions assumed power and began a sweeping programme of land reform, fiercely opposed by the devoutly Muslim majority of the population. Tribal mujahideen (fighters for jihad) rebelled across the country, and,... More
In c. 2350 BCE the Semite Sargon, reputed to be the adopted son of a Kish gardener, conquered Lugalzagesi’s kingdom and became ruler of his coalition of Sumerian cities. Taking Akkad as his capital, he turned the region into the heart of an empire which would encapsulate ‘the four quarters... More
Algeria was classified as part of the French state, with (from 1947) French citizenship available to all of its subjects. Suppression of non-violent political movements seeking independence led to the formation of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) which, emboldened by French defeat in Indochina, launched Toussaint Rouge, a coordinated... More
In September 1775, 1,700 rebel militia, under General Richard Montgomery, launched an offensive, taking Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point in northern New York. They then advanced along Lake Champlain into the Province of Quebec, where they captured St Johns, followed by Montreal on 13 November, and headed on to Québec... More
For the Angevin Empire inheritance and marriage were the primary means of acquiring territory. Before becoming king of England, Henry II (r. 1154–89) acquired Normandy through his mother and Brittany through his father. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (1152) brought the duchy of Aquitaine, as well as Poitou, Gascony and... More