Between 1845–1850 American expansionist sentiment revived and there was a strong movement to extend the nation’s borders to the Pacific coast. Many Americans wanted to own the entire continent and to be able to travel westwards without crossing foreign-occupied land. There was also a desire to settle in unchartered terrain... More
Between the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Civil War, America massively extended its territory by a mix of treaty, commercial transaction and war. Successive treaties with Britain in 1818 and 1846 secured a northern border along the 49th Parallel, acquiring the Oregon Territory and large tracts of land to... More
In 1901, Abdul Aziz ibn Saud set out with relatives to do some raiding in Nejd. His family had twice previously ruled Nejd as emirs. On the first occasion, the Ottomans expelled them (1818), tossing the severed head of the last emir into the Bosphorus. More recently (1891), their tribal... More
Between 1902–26 the isolated patchwork of tribal regions that became modern Saudi Arabia were conquered by the Al Saud leader, Ibn Saud. Saud began his conquests by travelling from Kuwait and reconquering his family home in Riyadh (1902), taking it from the Al Rashid dynasty. In 1904 the combined forces... More
On 30 January 1968 the North Vietnamese forces and Viet Cong launched the Tet offensive across South Vietnam, marking a significant change from the guerrilla tactics used throughout the war so far. The offensive coincided with the Tet celebration, which marks the arrival of spring in the Vietnamese calendar. This... More
Texas established an independent republic in 1836, throwing off Mexican rule. Its incorporation into the US was blocked by a home-grown independence faction, and American Republicans who were resistant to another pro-slavery state. However, President Polk was elected in 1844 on an expansionist platform, and promptly provoked war with Mexico... More
Restoration England seethed with intrigue, real and imagined. Titus Oates, a serial perjurer, caused 15 executions through his fabricated accusations of a ‘Popish Plot’. Most genuine plots were anti-Catholic; Yorkshire hosted two republican cabals in 1663, while the Rye House plot (1683) aimed to assassinate the king and his Catholic... More
In the late 1870s America was in the grip of a savage and protracted depression, and, through the Compromise of 1877, southern Democrats were able to exploit a disputed Presidential election to extract a number of concessions, ending Reconstruction and occupation by Northern troops and securing the power to reverse... More
The 1905 Russian Revolution swept across the Russian Empire and began when Russian Cossacks attacked a peaceful demonstration of workers. This acted as a catalyst for empire-wide uprisings. On the battleship Potemkin the crewmembers, several of whom were revolutionaries, were tired of their appalling working conditions, including being fed maggot... More
The UK General Election of February 1910 handed a providential opportunity to the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and their quest for Home Rule. The sponsors of the two previous Home Rule Bills (1886 and 1893), the Liberal Party, obtained a lead of just two seats over the inveterately anti-Home Rule... More
France was a dominant power in Europe during the 17th century, which was period of consolidation of French territory and acquisition of feudal territories, commencing in 1601 when Henry IV of France intervened against the Duke of Savoy, who had been plotting against him. By the Treaty of Lyon France... More
The accession of the Stuart King James I (1603) unified the monarchies but not the polities of England and Scotland. Following the Restoration, Scottish Presbyterian Covenanters considered themselves betrayed by Charles II’s disavowal of the Treaty of Breda (1650), which had guaranteed support for their religious objectives, and mounted a... More