Showing 1537–1548 of 2523 results

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  Soviet ‘Deep Battle’ Theory 1940

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  Soviet ‘Deep Battle’ Theory 1940

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  Soviet ‘deep battle’ theory was a military doctrine first envisaged in the 1930s by Russian military writers and strategists who were looking to update Russian military tactics that had been exposed in recent conflicts. According to deep battle theory, the two well established levels of military planning, strategic and tactical,... More
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  Soviet advance into Poland July 1944

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  Soviet advance into Poland July 1944

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  When, at the outbreak of World War II, the Germans invaded Poland, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact then divided the country, allowing German control of the west, and Soviet control of the east. In June 1941 the Germans launched Operation Barbarossa, capturing eastern Poland, which was occupied until 20 July 1944, when... More
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  Soviet Advance to Dnieper 5 July–1 December 1943

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  Soviet Advance to Dnieper 5 July–1 December 1943

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  After the Battle of Kursk, the Germans were on the defensive in the Ukraine, and built a series of heavy fortifications along the Dnieper River. Against these, on 26 August 1943, the Red Army launched a series of rapid ground attacks on five fronts over a period of four months,... More
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  Soviet advance to the Oder January–February 1945

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  Soviet advance to the Oder January–February 1945

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  In December 1944 the Germans still occupied western Poland, while the Soviets were advancing on Germany from the south. Increasingly better equipped and more mobile, they assembled a huge force along the front between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathian Mountains, but Hitler was sceptical of their capabilities and failed... More
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  Soviet Break Out From Kiev November 1943

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  Soviet Break Out From Kiev November 1943

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  Following the Red Army’s successful defence of Kursk, it maintained momentum across the Ukraine and closed in on Kiev. The major obstacle stopping it from launching a quick attack into the city was the Dnieper River, which was difficult to cross because of its width and raised terrain along sections... More
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  Soviet Industrialization 1931–36

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  Soviet Industrialization 1931–36

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  In 1931, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, determined that Russia would not continue as a ‘backwards’ agrarian country, had already implemented his first Five Year Plan. This set draconian targets for the expansion of Russia’s coal, steel, oil and gas industries, with emphasis on Ukraine, the Volga... More
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  Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945

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  Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945

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  The Soviets’ final operation of World War II was the invasion of the Japanese-administered territories in Mongolia, Manchuria (Manchukuo), northern Korea and the Kuril Islands. The invasion began in August 1945, three months after the Germans’ surrender, and coinciding with the US bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 9 August... More
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  Soviet Partisans 1942–43

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  Soviet Partisans 1942–43

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  From 1941 onwards the Soviet Union promoted and supported the formation of partisan groups who carried out operations behind German lines in former Soviet-occupied territories including Byelorussia and Ukraine. The infiltration and supply of these groups behind enemy lines was made easier by the formation of a salient in the... More
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  Soviet Plan for Pre-emptive Attack on German Forces in Poland May 1941

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  Soviet Plan for Pre-emptive Attack on German Forces in Poland May 1941

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  Stalin’s intentions in 1941, and whether he planned an attack on Nazi Germany, have caused extensive and contentious debate amongst historians. The question remains unresolved, primarily due to a fierce split of opinion, and limited and questionable resources. Some believe – famously the historian Victor Suvorov – that Stalin planned... More
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  Spanish Armada May–September 1588

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  Spanish Armada May–September 1588

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  A climax of the struggles between Catholic Spain and Protestant England, the failure of the Spanish Armada changed the course of European history. In response to Sir Francis Drake plundering the Spanish treasure fleet, Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch and the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, Phillip II... More
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  Spanish Civil War February 1939

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  Spanish Civil War February 1939

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  By February 1939 Barcelona had fallen and the Nationalists dominated 70 per cent of Spain, except for a tiny strip of land north of Gerona and central-eastern Spain around Madrid. By February, the loss of Republican forces on several fronts and the two-year Siege of Madrid (where Republicans repeatedly repulsed... More
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  Spanish Civil War July 1936

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  Spanish Civil War July 1936

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  The Bourbon Restoration in 1874 was propped up by the charade of turnismo, by which alternating left- and right-leaning governments were achieved by ‘massaging’ the ballot. After a military coup in 1923 the Second Spanish Republic was established; it was genuinely democratic, but veered between increasingly polarized socialist and right-wing... More