Showing 1537–1548 of 2512 results

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  Soviet Break Out From Kiev November 1943

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  Soviet Break Out From Kiev November 1943

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  Following the Red Army’s successful defence of Kursk, it maintained momentum across the Ukraine and closed in on Kiev. The major obstacle stopping it from launching a quick attack into the city was the Dnieper River, which was difficult to cross because of its width and raised terrain along sections... More
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  Soviet Industrialization 1931–36

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  Soviet Industrialization 1931–36

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  In 1931, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, determined that Russia would not continue as a ‘backwards’ agrarian country, had already implemented his first Five Year Plan. This set draconian targets for the expansion of Russia’s coal, steel, oil and gas industries, with emphasis on Ukraine, the Volga... More
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  Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945

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  Soviet Invasion of Manchuria August–September 1945

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  The Soviets’ final operation of World War II was the invasion of the Japanese-administered territories in Mongolia, Manchuria (Manchukuo), northern Korea and the Kuril Islands. The invasion began in August 1945, three months after the Germans’ surrender, and coinciding with the US bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On 9 August... More
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  Soviet Partisans 1942–43

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  Soviet Partisans 1942–43

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  From 1941 onwards the Soviet Union promoted and supported the formation of partisan groups who carried out operations behind German lines in former Soviet-occupied territories including Byelorussia and Ukraine. The infiltration and supply of these groups behind enemy lines was made easier by the formation of a salient in the... More
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  Soviet Plan for Pre-emptive Attack on German Forces in Poland May 1941

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  Soviet Plan for Pre-emptive Attack on German Forces in Poland May 1941

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  Stalin’s intentions in 1941, and whether he planned an attack on Nazi Germany, have caused extensive and contentious debate amongst historians. The question remains unresolved, primarily due to a fierce split of opinion, and limited and questionable resources. Some believe – famously the historian Victor Suvorov – that Stalin planned... More
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  Spanish Armada May–September 1588

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  Spanish Armada May–September 1588

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  A climax of the struggles between Catholic Spain and Protestant England, the failure of the Spanish Armada changed the course of European history. In response to Sir Francis Drake plundering the Spanish treasure fleet, Elizabeth I’s support of the Dutch and the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, Phillip II... More
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  Spanish Civil War February 1939

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  Spanish Civil War February 1939

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  By February 1939 Barcelona had fallen and the Nationalists dominated 70 per cent of Spain, except for a tiny strip of land north of Gerona and central-eastern Spain around Madrid. By February, the loss of Republican forces on several fronts and the two-year Siege of Madrid (where Republicans repeatedly repulsed... More
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  Spanish Civil War July 1936

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  Spanish Civil War July 1936

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  The Bourbon Restoration in 1874 was propped up by the charade of turnismo, by which alternating left- and right-leaning governments were achieved by ‘massaging’ the ballot. After a military coup in 1923 the Second Spanish Republic was established; it was genuinely democratic, but veered between increasingly polarized socialist and right-wing... More
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  Spanish Civil War May 1938

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  Spanish Civil War May 1938

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  In May 1938, Spain was split between the Nationalists and Republicans, with the Nationalists having dominance. In this month, the Nationalist leader, Francisco Franco, declared that the Republicans must unconditionally surrender. Although the Nationalists were in the ascendant, the Republican forces still believed that they had a chance of winning.... More
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  Spanish Civil War September 1937

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  Spanish Civil War September 1937

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  In September 1937, the military Junta under General Francisco Franco (who had seized power on 1 October 1936, sparking the Spanish Civil War), now controlled over half of Spain. Franco’s Nationalist ranks had swelled with the addition of Nazi funding, Italian troops from Fascist Italy and Spanish troops from Morocco.... More
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  Spanish Colonial California from 1769

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  Spanish Colonial California from 1769

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  The Spanish colonization of California began in 1769, with the establishment of a presidio, or fort, at San Diego, followed by a steady progression up the coast. Further presidios were sited at Monterey (1777), which became the provincial seat of government, San Francisco (1776) and Santa Barbara (1786). While the... More
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  Spanish Explorations 1513–1605

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  Spanish Explorations 1513–1605

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  Spanish expeditions into North America paled by comparison with the spectacular, and fabulously lucrative, conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas of South America. The Spanish Crown seemed to think so, and was willing to trade its North American territories in treaties with other European powers of the... More