The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty ended the two-year Irish War of Independence and established an independent Ireland, with the six counties of Ulster remaining British. Because the new Irish Free State remained a British dominion, there was tension between anti and pro-Treaty Sinn Féin, with anti-Treaty Sinn Féin wanting full separation... More
On 6 December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty established the Irish Free State and ended the two-year Irish War of Independence. Ireland was an independent country and the temporary north-south partition was now permanent, with the six counties of Ulster opting to remain part of Britain. The Irish Free State was... More
The Orkneys’ site of Skara Brae comprises the remains of eight buildings interlinked by low covered passages. One of these appears to have been a form of workshop, while the rest of the dwellings conformed to a standard design: a stone bed to either side of the entrance, the larger... More
At dawn on 8 June, a regiment of Union cavalry led by Colonel Samuel Carroll burst into Port Republic across the Lower Ford. ‘Stonewall’ Jackson and his staff had been relaxing in the meadows of Dr Kemper’s estate at the southern end of the town. They were chased down the... More
According to the US 1830 Census, out of a total population of 12,860,702, 15.6 per cent (2,009,043) were slaves. By 1860, the total population had increased to 23,191,875 and, of these, 12.6 per cent (3,953,761) were slaves. In 1830, the slave population was most densely concentrated in the southeastern seaboard,... More
The history of slavery in the US is not one of compliance, but revolt. Revolt ranged from small acts of sabotage to open rebellion or attempts to run away to the North. It is believed that there were over 250 attempts at slave rebellion, prior to 1865: Nat Turner’s rebellion... More
The pattern and incidence of slavery varied widely across the Caribbean. The British and French colonies, with economies dominated by the highly labour-intensive plantation cultivation of sugar, were the largest slave markets. The sugar crop produced lucrative returns; Barbados was adjudged ‘the richest spot of ground in the world’, and,... More
In 1860, the slave population was distributed throughout the Deep South, and included the adjoining areas of East Texas, West Tennessee and North Florida. Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky and Virginia were also major slave-owning states. These states later formed the secessionist Confederate States of America in 1861, and were dependent on... More
The wave of social unrest that swept Russia in the late 1640s was triggered by a government decision to consolidate a plethora of small levies into a single, and universal, salt tax. Merchants and nobility were generally able to concoct exemptions, so the burden fell disproportionately upon serfs and the... More
Solomon ruled over a united kingdom of Israel, with Judah having its own political authority and special privileges. David, Solomon’s father and predecessor, had turned Edom and Moab into Israelite vassal states. After David’s death, they became rebellious and difficult to control. The core territories were the twelve provinces of... More
Solomon became ruler c. 967 BCE of an empire that stretched from the River Euphrates to Egypt in the south. Solomon had great wealth and controlled the trade routes on all his borders, enabling him to tax all movement of goods. He welcomed the South Arabian Queen of Sheba to... More
The capital ships (battleships) Scharnhorst and Gneisenau left from Wilhelmshaven on 21 November for the strait between Iceland and the Faroe Islands, with the intention of sinking British patrol vessels. Following a spell of bad weather, on 23 November the British armed merchant ship HMS Rawalpindi was sighted on patrol... More