After the wrecking of two Armadas by storms, the new Spanish king Philip III was determined to end English support for the rebellious Netherlands by providing tit-for-tat assistance to the Irish insurrection. Once again, bad weather stymied his plans, forcing the Spanish fleet to land at Kinsale, a poor base... More
The Sassanid emperor Shapur II fought a long and inconclusive war with Rome, before concluding a truce to concentrate on the subjugation of Arab and Hunnic tribes on the southern and eastern borders of his empire. One of these tribes, the Chionitae of Transoxiana, became his allies when he renewed... More
In late July 1864, Major General William T. Sherman’s Union army successfully laid siege to Confederate General John B. Hood’s army, which was now garrisoned in Atlanta, an important supply, manufacturing and railway hub. By 22 July, most of the Confederate army had evacuated, but a residual force battled the... More
In 1451, Mehmed II ascended to the Ottoman throne and planned to sack Constantinople, the Byzantine capital and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world. He cut off supplies and raised an army of 80,000–100,000 men, along with 90 ships and 70 cannons. The 50-day siege began... More
Positioned to protect the North Carolina ports of Beaufort and Morehead City, Fort Macon was placed under siege by the Union army’s General Burnside from 23 March to 26 April 1862. As part of his North Carolina Expedition, Burnside advanced on Fort Macon and created a military blockade. The Union... More
At the climax of the First Jewish–Roman War, the future emperor Titus was given charge of the troops in Judaea following his father’s return to Rome to take the position of Emperor. He surrounded Jerusalem with four legions which built large camps around the city, virtually unchallenged by the Jewish... More
By January 1943 the city of Leningrad had been surrounded and besieged for almost a year and a half by German and Finnish troops. The civilian population of the city was subjected to starvation and near constant bombardment by German artillery and aircraft, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths.... More
By the time of the siege of Orléans, the French cause seemed doomed. Routed at Agincourt (1415), Burgundy and Brittany now recognized the infant Henry VI of England as king of France. English forces and their allies occupied northern France, including Paris. If Orléans fell, there seemed little to prevent... More
By April 1865, the siege of Virginia’s second city had lasted 10 months. An earlier Union assault in June 1864 had been repulsed at the Battle of the Crater, but now Confederate defenders were vastly outnumbered, with waning provisions and depleted munitions. At the end of March, Union Commander Ulysses... More
The debacle of the siege of Syracuse fatally undermined the city-state of Athens, leading to its eventual defeat and sacking by rival Sparta. It began, ostensibly, as a dispute resolution exercise on behalf of another Sicilian city, Segesta. After much disagreement, the expedition’s three ill-matched commanders diverted to claim the... More
Vicksburg was vital to the Confederacy. It denied the Union control of the Mississippi River, and held the Eastern and Western portions of the Confederacy together, allowing the East to be resupplied with Western reserves, horses, food, and salt (crucial for curing meat). After Union pressure in the summer of... More
The ways in which slave labour was organized were dictated by the requirements of the crop. In the Deep South cotton, which required few specialized skills, was typically cultivated via the gang system, where synchronized tasks were performed under close supervision. The crops of the east coast lowlands, coffee, pimento,... More