The Shatt Al-Arab waterway is formed by the converging Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, emptying into the Persian Gulf. As such, it has strategic and economic significance intensified by its demarcation of traditional Arab and Persian spheres of influence. By the 1980s, these respective spheres of influence were in the grip,... More
Shenandoah Valley in West Virginia provided a corridor for Confederates to invade the North, with the Blue Ridge Mountains acting as a shield for Confederates to enter Maryland, and Washington DC. Confederate General Jubal Early managed to reach the outskirts of Washington DC in July 1864, but retreated to the... More
On 7 June 1864, while travelling from Spotsylvania to join the Federalist Army of the Potomac at Petersburg, Sheridan distracted Confederate attention away from Commander in Chief Ulysses S. Grant’s crossing of the James River by raiding, for a second time, the Virginia Central railroad. Thwarted by the Confederate cavalry... More
After Union General Philip Henry Sheridan claimed he could ‘whip Stuart’ (‘Jeb’ Stuart, the Confederate general), if he were allowed, he was sent by his Commander in Chief, Ulysses S. Grant, to raid Stuarat’s cavalry near Richmond, Virginia. Sheridan’s advance towards Richmond began on 9 May 1864. On the same... More
The commanding General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant had won promotion, and made himself a reputation, by the capture of Fort Donelson in February: seven weeks later he almost lost it at Shiloh. The Confederate onslaught from Albert Johnston’s army at dawn on 6 April was wholly unexpected,... More
Japan’s ethnic religion, Shintoism, is dissimilar to other major religions as its belief system revolves around the worship of ancestors as spirits, or kami, which are believed to be drawn to, and physically represented by objects, both man-made and natural, known as shintai. These shintai are found in huge numbers... More
Levied intermittently since Medieval times in England and Wales, ship money was a tax that was raised by royal prerogative, without parliamentary consent. It was inflicted on coastal cities and counties for naval defence in times of war. In 1629, after constitutional disputes, King Charles I had dismissed parliament and,... More
The Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I pitched German U-boat submarines against Allied ships and merchant vessels at sea. The U-boats were particularly effective in destroying merchant ships delivering vital supplies to Britain. They torpedoed ships on sight, even sinking liners. On 7 May 1915, the liner Lusitania was... More
On 1 February 1917, the Germans made a declaration that their U-boat submarines were now unrestricted, meaning that Allied merchant ships, neutral traffic and passenger ships in the North Sea and Atlantic ‘war zone’ around Great Britain would be sunk without warning. They gambled that it would speed them to... More
During the last nine months of the war, the number of ships lost to unrestricted German U-boat fire had dropped considerably. The introduction of the convoy system in June 1917, where merchant ships were accompanied by a British naval escort, had reduced the spike in the targeting of non-combat shipping.... More
Between September 1915–January 1917, the Germans practised restricted use of their U-boats. This meant that instead of issuing warnings of imminent attack and targeting all ships, they only attacked warships. The restriction was imposed after several cruise liners were sunk by U-boats including the US’s cruise ship, Lusitania, on 7... More
Pharaoh Shoshenk’s Palestinian campaign is conventionally dated to 925 BCE. He is thought to be the biblical pharaoh, Shishak. Although the biblical account was written some years after the events, the relief on the walls of Shoshenk’s Karnak temple, made in his 21st year, list about 150 sacked Palestinian (Israeli... More