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Rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia 1640–99
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Rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia 1640–99
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When Leopold I became heir apparent to the Habsburg lands his father, Ferdinand III, made him king of Hungary (1655) and Bohemia (1656). Upon his father’s death, he inherited Austria and, despite opposition from France, became Holy Roman Emperor in 1658. Habsburg power was consolidated in central and eastern Europe,... More
Rise of Macedonia to 336 BCE
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Rise of Macedonia to 336 BCE
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Until the middle of the 4th century BCE, Macedonia survived in the shadow of the powerful Greek city-states to its south, Athens, Sparta and Thebes. When it captured northern Thessaly, Thebes intervened and retook the key city of Larissa, also insisting on taking the Macedonian king’s son (the future Philip... More
Rise of the Franks 481–511
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Rise of the Franks 481–511
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The expansion of Frankish territories began under Clovis I, who became leader of his tribe, the Salian Franks, in 481 CE at 15 years old. Clovis soon began expanding his influence, assimilating other Frankish tribes, and strengthening his position by removing familial threats to his power – all the Frankish... More
Rise of the Franks, 511–768
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Rise of the Franks, 511–768
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After the establishment of the Merovingian dynasty at the head of the Frankish Kingdom by Clovis I, the Merovingians retained power to varying degrees for the next 250 years. Clovis’s four sons took control of the kingdom after his death and each gained their own region – the Merovingian system... More
Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566
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Rise of the Ottoman Empire 1328–1566
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The Ottoman Empire was formed in the power vacuum of eastern Anatolia during the latter part of the 13th century when Byzantine forces were preoccupied in the West and the empire of the Seljuk Turks was disintegrating under pressure from the Mongolian Empire. Osman Gazi founded the precursor state, which... More
Rival Empires August–November 1914
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Rival Empires August–November 1914
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The alignment of the Central Powers along an axis through central Europe and the Near East gave them the advantage of ‘interior lines of communication’, enabling them to switch and redeploy more rapidly than their opponents, mitigating the disadvantage of having to fight on two fronts. Globally, Britain and France’s... More
Roanoke Colony 1584–91
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Roanoke Colony 1584–91
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In August 1585 a fleet of five ships organized by Queen Elizabeth I of England’s favourite courtier and explorer, Sir Walter Raleigh, explored the Carolina coast, before disembarking settlers on Roanoke Island. Most left when relief arrived the following spring, but the 15 who stayed had disappeared when a new... More
Roanoke Island 8 February 1862
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Roanoke Island 8 February 1862
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On 7–8 February the Union general, Ambrose Everett Burnside, raised a coastal division to target North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, whose fortifications protected the Sounds, creating a passage for Confederate ships. By taking the island, Burnside believed that he would be able to lay siege to the Confederate naval base at... More
Roman Britain 200 CE
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Roman Britain 200 CE
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The Roman conquest of Britain reached its high watermark with victory over the Picts at Mons Graupius (84), thought to be somewhere near Aberdeen. Thereafter the northern border would be marked first by Hadrian’s Wall (121–22) then the Antonine Wall (142–44). The Brigantes of northern England would rebel, and the... More
Roman Britain and the Saxon Shore c. 410 CE
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Roman Britain and the Saxon Shore c. 410 CE
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By 410 CE, the Roman Empire had crumbled and Britain, at the periphery of the Roman Empire, began to come under increased threat from marauding tribes whilst Rome weakened. Troops and money could not be spared to defend Britain from increasingly frequent raids by Picts and Scoti in the north... More
Roman Conquest of Britain 43–83 CE
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Roman Conquest of Britain 43–83 CE
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Britain was not conquered until the reign of the unpopular Roman emperor, Claudius, in 43 CE. After an earlier token invasion by Julius Caesar in 55 BCE (and again the following year), Britain was perceived as a misty, wild country, inhabited by fierce, blue-painted warriors. In 43 CE the main... More
Roman Empire 133 BCE
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Roman Empire 133 BCE
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In 170 BCE, when the Seleucid ruler, Antiochus, decided to invade the Ptolemaic Empire, a Roman envoy, Popilius, arrived to ‘persuade’ him not to. Popilius drew a circle in the sand round the king with a stick: he then told him not to leave the circle until he had agreed... More