From c. 5000 BCE, drought and the desertification of northeast Africa caused nomadic cattle herders to gravitate toward the Nile flood plains, creating separate kingdoms spanning the Nubian desert to the delta. The first settlements kept livestock, practised agriculture and used simple clay pottery. Excavations show that in the Early... More
The earliest evidence of humans in India dates to approximately 1.5 million years ago in fragments of fossil tools found in Attirampakkam and Krishna, in southeast and southern central India respectively. A partial human skull, probably Homo Erectus, dating back 500,000 years has been recovered from valley of the River... More
As the first full year of the conflict neared its end, President Davis responded to a call from his home state Mississippi’s legislature to visit and provide ‘refuge from an Iliad of Woes’. Travelling incognito with just one aide, Davis combined his address in Jackson with a tour of his... More
Major General Sterling Price’s Raid on Missouri was ambitious in conception, flawed in execution. State and national elections were impending, and the masterplan was to seize Missouri, secure a Confederate governor and so discredit Lincoln that he lost the presidential election. Price was given the go-ahead and amassed a largely... More
The Chinese Republic was established in 1912 but, by 1931, had descended into a civil war, which the Japanese were quick to exploit. After several acts of aggression, beginning with the taking of Peking (now Beijing) and Tientsin, war was declared in July 1937. From the start, Japan had aerial... More
William Caxton, a wealthy London merchant, acquired the art of printing while based in Bruges. His first printed English work, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, was produced in 1476 in Westminster. His output was eclectic, including chivalric romances and classical translations, such as Aesop’s Fables. Britain was a slow burner in the... More
Johannes Gutenberg was a goldsmith in Mainz, who managed, after years of painstaking experiment, to perfect the manufacture of small metal movable type. Guttenberg produced 200 copies of his revolutionary 42-line Bible in 1453. The new technology took off, and by 1461 a rival in Bamberg, Albrecht Pfister, had produced... More
At the beginning of the 20th century Hollywood was an idyllic, unincorporated backwater in which movie theatres were banned. This changed with its merger with Los Angeles in 1910. Thereafter, it became an unwitting beneficiary of an exodus of the nascent film industry from its original hub in New York/New... More
As the war progressed, the Nazi war machine was in need of oil, yet no area under Axis power had sufficient supplies. The oil-rich Middle East was a logical target for the Nazis, yet to succeed they would need to take the Suez Canal. From there, they could sweep through... More
Prior to the establishment of the 1st Dynasty, there is evidence of increasing sophistication and interconnectedness between autonomous settlements dotted along the Nile. This is attested by more sophisticated artefacts, particularly pottery design and ornamentation, and a range of trade, with goods such as obsidian, gold, copper and lapis lazuli... More
In 1732 a group of English ‘worthy poor’ settlers led by English philanthropist and member of Parliament James Oglethorpe, landed at Savannah and began establishing a chartered colony named ‘Georgia’ after George II. Its constitution was progressive and egalitarian, with land-ownership limited to 50 acres. Initially, slavery was banned, although... More
The ‘Jacquerie’ or Peasants’ uprising began in February 1905, in Dmitriev in the Kursk governate. Its initial manifestation was remarkably disciplined and free from violence. Led by the ‘middle peasantry’, or smallholders, and organized through the mir, the local peasant assemblies, the rebels targeted estates, carting off stores of fodder... More