Preserved with eerie delicacy in volcanic lava and ash, the remains of Pompeii provide an intimate and detailed insight into life in a Roman resort town in the 1st century CE. Over 1,100 bodies have been found in the areas so far excavated, suggesting on overall death toll within the... More
The Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) annexed Syria in 64 BCE. To the south, in Jerusalem, a war erupted between two Jewish princes, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. After being besieged by Hyrcanus and his allies, while worshipping in a temple, Aristobulus despatched an envoy to Pompey asking for his help,... More
A confederation of Native American warriors, led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac, launched an assault on the British garrison at Detroit in April 1763. The Native Americans were angered by the harsh British treatment of them after the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754–63). Their intention was... More
Between 1990–2000 the USA experienced its largest population increase since records began, totalling 32.7 million individuals. This represented a proportional increase of 8.2 per cent of the total population, bucking the trend of declining proportional increases each decade since the high of 18.4 per cent from 1950–60. The western states,... More
Major General Nathanial P. Banks was tasked with destroying the Confederate stronghold at Port Hudson, on the Mississippi River. The Confederates had moved there in early May, to provide support to their army at Vicksburg. By 21 May, Banks’s had joined with further columns, swelling the Union numbers to 30,000... More
Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont was a scion of a wealthy dynasty and naval veteran of the Mexican War. The assault on Port Royal was his first opportunity to experiment with steam-power. His command contained 14 warships, and Du Pont decided to exploit the three-mile (5-km) breadth of Port Royal... More
In 1562 an expedition commissioned by the French Huguenot, Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, made landing on Parris Island, present-day South Carolina. The expedition leader, Jean Ribault, left 28 men on the island to build a settlement, christened Charlesfort: its precise site is contested. Ribault then returned home to collect... More
As Portus Adurni, Portchester in present-day Hampshire was established as one of the ‘forts of the Saxon shore’, built by the Romans along the southeastern English coast in the 3rd century CE. At the time, Roman Britannia was suffering increasingly from cross-channel marauding from north European tribes. The ‘Count of... More
'Military orders' was the name given to the ecclesiastical knights or ‘warrior monks’ who emerged in Europe during the late 11th century. They were the military arm of the Catholic Church and consisted of the Templars, Hospital, Teutonic and Spanish orders. The Spanish Orders emerged as part of the Reconquista,... More
After achieving independence, many African states experienced various forms of armed conflict, which served to hold back economic and social development across the continent. The legacy of the old colonial borders is believed to have played an important role in this widespread conflict as they were drawn by the European... More
Military rule was ingrained in Latin America from the establishment of the viceroyalties of New Spain and Brazil (the preceding Aztec, Maya and Inca were hardly pacific cultures). The prevailing land use model – vast haciendas, supported by encomienda forced labour or the mass import of slaves – spawned oligarchic... More
Following the conclusion of World War II, the schism between the US and the Soviet Union, which formed around their contesting political ideologies, consolidated into the Cold War. The struggle between capitalism and communism spread across most of the developing world and in South America in particular Communist political movements... More