In c. 758–762 the Islamic Abbasids built Baghdad, the capital city of their empire. Located next to trading routes and the River Tigris, the city took four years to build, with construction beginning under the astrological sign of the lion, Leo, signifying fire and strength. The original city plans show... More
Mecca, in modern Saudi Arabia, is the Prophet Muhammad’s birthplace and the place where he received the revelation of the Quran. Pilgrims have travelled to Mecca as part of an annual pilgrimage, known as the Hajj, since 700 CE. In 1900, Hajj pilgrims travelled to the shrine city of Mecca... More
While a Pictish stronghold may have originally existed here, the earliest record of the castle dates to Alexander I’s dedication of a chapel in 1110. As with so much else in Scotland, it was catapulted to prominence by David I, who made it a royal burgh (1124) and a centre... More
Most of the Persian army left Athens after their naval defeat at Salamis. The military commander, Mardonius, was left in control of the remaining, still sizeable, army of occupation. Mardonius put the city of Athens to the torch and deployed his army on the mountain plains of Plataea. Here he... More
Carved out of Ottoman Syria in 1920, the Transjordan territory was land placed under the British protectorate as part of the Palestine Mandate. In return, the French controlled Syria and Lebanon. The British had made a promise, endorsed by the US and the principal Allied Powers in World War I,... More
The battle of Pliska began in the Varbica Pass in Bulgaria on 25 July 811. Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus, who had long been planning an invasion of Bulgaria, set off with 80,000 men in June 811. His army quickly plundered its way through Bulgarian territory and made its way to the... More
After Jamestown in Virginia, Plymouth was the second successful American colony to be founded by English settlers, a group of dissident Calvinist Christian ‘pilgrims’ who wanted to create a religious community free from the yoke of the English church. The community emigrated to Leiden in Holland, but began negotiating with... More
The Mayflower pilgrims, Puritan separatists forming the congregation of William Bradford, landed on Cape Cod in November 1620. Their party including several ‘Strangers’, sent along by the expedition’s backers to provide necessary survival skills for the new colony. Within a few days, they moved to a more favourable settlement location,... More
Situated on an outcrop between Utah and Omaha beaches, Pointe du Hoc was the site of gun emplacements and a group of casemates, which acted as a vital observation point for defensive positions firing upon the nearby beaches. American Rangers were tasked with ascending the cliffs to reach the defensive... More
Boleslaw I (Boleslaw the Brave) became Duke of Poland after his father, Mieszko I, died in 992. Boleslaw was an ambitious man who failed to honour his father’s wish that the Duchy of Poland be divided between Boleslaw and his step-brothers. Boleslaw reigned until 1025, by which time he had... More
By 1580, the territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth included Lithuania, Prussia, Ukraine and the semi-autonomous principality of Transylvania. The Commonwealth was prosperous, largely through grain exports, with a large landed aristocracy who diluted the power of the monarchy and fostered regional freedom (the ‘golden freedoms’). There was, however, a significant... More
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1618 was one of the largest, most populous countries in Europe. It had an elective monarchy and was run by nobility who avoided becoming embroiled in the destructive Thirty Years’ War, which ranged Protestants against Roman Catholics and was beginning to devastate the Holy Roman Empire... More