After the Persian army invaded Attica and took Athens in 480 BCE, they set fire to the Acropolis and destroyed much of the city. This angered the Athenians, many of whom had evacuated to Salamis, off the coast of Attica. In retaliation, they lured the Persian fleet towards Salamis into... More
Following the defeat of the last Saite king, Psamtik III at Pelusium (525 BCE), Egypt was formally annexed into the Persian Empire, amalgamated with Phoenicia and Cyprus to form the ‘sixth satrapy’. Cambysses II, the victorious Persian emperor, extended his African domains into Nubia and Cyrenaica. Previous rebellions having been... More
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Events in Petrograd in 1917 had the benefit of a full-dress rehearsal. In 1905, a series of famines and military humiliation in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) led to revolution, including the first emergence of the Petrograd Soviet. By the fourth year of World War I, the same catalysts were in... More
After a period of equivocation, Virginia belatedly voted for secession. However, the northwest of the state remained heavily pro-Union. Accordingly, the local Confederate commander, Colonel Porterfield, found it difficult to recruit, struggling to muster an ill-trained, ill-armed force of 800. Realizing defence was his only option, he burnt bridges to... More
By 750 BCE, Phoenician and Greek city-states had founded settlements across the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians, known as the ‘purple people’ by the Greeks, due to their use of purple dye, created a string of city-states that encompassed modern northern coastal Africa, modern southern Spain, eastern Cyprus and the Levant. The... More
The name Phoenix was suggested because the city in Arizona was founded on the remains of the Hohokam civilization and their canal networks. But its explosive growth (48,000 in 1930; 980,000 in 1990) derived from a more muscular harnessing of water: the Roosevelt (1911) and Coolidge Dams (1930). The early... More
In ‘The Crime at Pickett’s Mill’ Ambrose Bierce, the celebrated satirist who fought there as a young Union lieutenant, describes, caustically, its blood-drenched futility. After a delay of ‘seven hours… to acquaint the enemy of our intention to surprise him’, Bierce recounts General Wood volunteering ‘We will send in Hazen... More
Pigeon’s Ranch earned its name from the way its French-American owner puffed his chest and flapped his arms when dancing the fandango at local hops. The ranch functioned as an inn ‘like an Asian caravansary’ catering to passing wagon trains. On 28 March 1862, the Union army (stuffed with volunteers,... More
The Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, was one of the Prophet Muhammad’s five pillars of Islam, to be performed at least once in the life of all able-bodied Muslims. With the explosive growth in the number of believers generated by Islamic conquests and attendant proselytization, the network of pilgrimage routes... More
The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) was a revolt sparked by Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries and transfer of Church property to the Crown. It began in Louth, Lincolnshire, and spread to Yorkshire, Cumberland, Lancaster and Westmoreland. On 2 October, angered by the state closure of nearby Louth Park Abbey,... More
Francisco Pizarro made two preliminary expeditions to Peru, before his decisive campaign of 1531–32. The second expedition yielded enough gold, silver, emeralds and exotica such as llama, for Pizarro to return to Spain and plead for support directly from the king. This was granted, and royal backing garnered further recruits... More