British commandos, backed up by the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and Norwegian troops, undertook Operation Archery under Mountbatten, the leader of British Combined Operations. The aim was to take out the local garrison and sink enemy shipping. They would also attempt to destroy the local fish oil factories (the... More
Operation Bagration was the Soviet offensive launched in June 1944, just after the Allied landings in Normandy. Its aim was to destroy German Army Group Centre and clear the way to Berlin. The Red Army assembled a force of 2.3 million men, ten times the size of the Allied forces... More
On 22 June 1941, despite the existing non-aggression treaty between Hitler and Stalin, the Germans invaded Russia under codename Operation Barbarossa. The surprise attack was formidable, with some 4.5 million troops advancing along a near 1,800-mile (3,000-km) front. There were three main divisions and targets: Army Group North for Leningrad,... More
The German General Ludendorff conceived Blücher–Yorck as a massive diversionary tactic to clear the way for a repeated thrust towards the Channel ports. A massive assault was launched on 27 May upon Chemin des Dames ridge, manned by British troops under the French general, Denis Auguste Duchêne. Hoping to avert... More
Following the blunder which severely exposed the left flank of the quickly progressing Allied units to the west, the commanders of XXX Corps and 7th Armoured Division were soon relieved of their positions and replaced. On 31 July a fluke resulted in a group of scouts from VIII Corps coming... More
The Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte on 1 January 1945 in an attempt to overturn Allied air superiority on the western front and assist German ground troops during their Ardennes Offensive. The offensive targeted airfields and aircraft, aiming to inflict maximum damage to Allied air capabilities, which had proven decisive in... More
Operation Charnwood involved 115,000 troops of British I Corps who were tasked with a final assault on Caen following a number of failed attempts over the previous month. Caen is split in half by the Orne River, which marked the extent of the assault’s main objective. Heavy air bombardment was... More
As the final push to secure the southern parts of the Cotentin Peninsula, Operation Cobra aimed to continue the advance that had been made during the capture of St-Lô by forcing a break in the German defences. The Germans were stretched thin so it was hoped that a breakthrough could... More
After General Wavell’s failures with Operation Brevity (May 1941) and Operation Battleaxe (June 1941), General Sir Claude Auchinleck, the new commander of Middle East Forces, was under pressure to launch a renewed attack on Axis forces. The Allies hoped to destroy Rommel’s powerful Panzergruppe Afrika and lift the siege on... More
On 1 August the US 6th Army and the French forces were gathered on Corsica ready for the assault on France. On 14 August, under massive air cover, the US 7th Army, commanded by General Patch, spearheaded the operation, with the British VI Corps under Major General Truscott, and French... More
The purposes of Operation Dragoon (originally named Operation Anvil) were to capture the French Mediterranean ports, to open a new southern front involving a large contingent of French troops, and to divert German forces away from the Allied landings in Normandy. A three-pronged landing was planned between Toulon and Cannes.... More
The main purpose of Operation Epsom was to occupy panzer divisions near Caen so they could not move west and threaten the gap between the British and American armies. Encircling Caen was also a key objective as it was the major stronghold in the region, which needed to be taken... More