As the Soviets were pushed back during Operation Barbarossa in the summer of 1941, heavy resistance in Kiev split the German Army Group South and Army Group Centre around the flanks of the city. Seeing an opportunity to engulf the Red Army’s southwestern front, Hitler directed the 2nd Panzer Group,... More
The assault on Omaha was particularly tough due to the large bluffs that overlook the beach. Above the cliffs were the main German defences, which had a clear view of the entire beach. The only cover for the attacking American troops was a small shingle bank and sea wall at... More
Petersburg, Virginia, was important strategically because it was the junction point of five railroads, which supplied Richmond (24 miles/39 km north) and the upper James River region. The first Union assault on the Petersburg defences was under General Benjamin Butler who led his army over the Appomattox River on 15... More
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company is one of the most extensive US railroads. It helped populate the southwestern region with its fast movement of goods, such as motor vehicle parts, industrial raw materials and farm products, and people. It was chartered by Kentucky lawyer, Cyrus K. Holliday,... More
After the Greek victory against the Persians at Mycale, many Spartans believed that the war with Persia was now over. The Athenians, however, wanted to liberate ex-colonies in Ionia from Persian rule and prepared for further war with Persia by forming the Delian League. Formed in 478 BCE, representatives of... More
Formed with the purpose of protecting Athens and its Greek city-states against Persian invasion, the Delian League immediately became a source of conflict between the Greek subject states and Athens. With Sparta refusing to join and Naxos attempting to secede, Athens became increasingly repressive towards the League members. In c.... More
The Athenian ‘Long Walls’ were fortifications erected after Xerxes’ invasion of Greece. Building of the walls began as part of a rebuilding programme after Athens was sacked and burned by the Persians. Once the Athenians returned to their city, having defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, construction of... More
Otherwise known as Plan 1919, this was a military strategy created by British Major General John Frederick Charles Fuller. It was his belief that new weapons, such as tanks and aircraft, should be used to psychologically stun (or paralyze) the enemy. Although Plan 1919 was never implemented, Fuller believed that... More
Union General William T. Sherman described Nathan B. Forrest as the ‘most remarkable man our Civil War produced on either side’. As the Confederacy’s disruptor-in-chief, Forrest specialized in the lightning cavalry raids, and his assault on Johnsonville was the culmination of a three-week rampage through western Tennessee. Arriving on the... More
By 1940 the Italian naval threat in the Mediterranean was significant and a British operation was planned to eliminate the Italian Navy’s First Squadron at its base at Taranto. The Royal Navy required freedom of movement in the Mediterranean to supply its North Africa campaign through Egypt, but was hindered... More
When the Persian king, Xerxes I, invaded Greece in 480 BCE he was at the head of a vast Persian force of close to 300,000. Xerxes’ juggernaut army struck fear and terror in the Greek city-states. After the Spartan defeat at Thermopylae, Xerxes’ land route to Athens was undefended. It... More
As part of the Second Battle of Artois, an Allied attempt to capitalize on reassignment of German forces to the eastern front, the British were to assist French efforts in the south by securing Aubers Ridge. British artillery strength was diminished due to damaged equipment and lack of ammunition, and... More