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101st Airborne Division Drop Pattern, 6 June 1944
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101st Airborne Division Drop Pattern, 6 June 1944
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The 101st Airborne Division, known as ‘The Screaming Eagles’, were the first to be dropped in the vicinity of Utah beach after their carrier planes made a low approach from the northwest to avoid radar detection. Cloud cover over the landing zones resulted in widespread confusion as the scout troops,... More
1090–1120 The Seljuk Era
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1090–1120 The Seljuk Era
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For every great conqueror who emerged from the steppes of central Asia, the prerequisite was consolidation of the unruly and warlike tribes of their homelands. The founder of the Seljuk Empire, Tughrul, would perform this feat with the Turkic tribes north of Transoxiana in the 1020s; he then turned on... More
1146–86 Defence of Latin East
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1146–86 Defence of Latin East
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The Latin East was formed after the First Crusade (1095–99), when Christian settlers occupied territories in the Levant, including Jerusalem. Further north, they settled in Tripoli, Edessa and Antioch. Despite Edessa falling to Muslim warlord Zengi in 1146 and a failed Second Crusade (1147–49), the settlers stayed entrenched. Their kingdom... More
1775 Church Membership at the End of the Colonial Period
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1775 Church Membership at the End of the Colonial Period
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By 1775 many pre-revolutionary British colonial American churches had embraced evangelism after a religious revival, known as the Awakening, which swept the English-speaking world in the 1740s. The early British colonists, who settled along the eastern seaboard, were Church of England Protestants or its critics, the Puritans. By mid-century, there... More
1784-1859 US Indian Land Cessions
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1784-1859 US Indian Land Cessions
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Following the Revolutionary War, the American states adopted an assertive stance on expansion. Successive Nonintercourse Acts (1790–34) purported to protect Indian rights, with the federal government reserving the right to purchase their land. However, each act progressively shifted the territory over which those rights extended westwards. Meanwhile, a blizzard of... More
1786 Shay’s Rebellion and Votes
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1786 Shay’s Rebellion and Votes
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Ex-Revolutionary soldier and Massachusetts farmer, Daniel Shay, led a rebellion that began on 29 August 1786 against the high poll tax imposed by the new government on everyone, regardless of income. The tax was to pay for economic damage caused by the war. Non-payers had their land sold at auction... More
1860 US Railroads
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1860 US Railroads
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By 1860, 30,000 miles (49,000 km) of railroad tracks had been laid, with 21,300 miles (34,000 km) concentrated in the northeast. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad was the first chartered railroad in the United States and was built to increase the flow of goods between Baltimore and Ohio. After this,... More
1860 US Settled Areas
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1860 US Settled Areas
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In 1860 the settled areas extended from the eastern seaboard to the western territories, and north to south from southern Minnesota to eastern Texas. There were pockets of settlements in Utah, Kansas and New Mexico. The Californian and Oregon coasts were also settled. California had become a state in 1850,... More
1913: Russian Agriculture and Industry 1913
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1913: Russian Agriculture and Industry 1913
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Superficially, Russia’s economy made great strides in the decades before World War I. Under the enlightened stewardship of the finance minister, Sergei Witte (1892–1905), oil production tripled, railway mileage nearly doubled, and the empire became one of the world’s major producers of iron and steel. Simultaneously, at Witte’s urging, Prime... More
1916 Plan of Douaumont
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1916 Plan of Douaumont
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Construction of Fort Douaumont began around 1885, after the Franco-Prussian War and continued until 1914. The fort was positioned on high ground close to the village of Douaumont. Built on three levels and fully fortified, it was designed for modern warfare, with machine gun turrets, guns and weaponry. There were... More
1917 Battle of Messines
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1917 Battle of Messines
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On 7 June 1917, General Plumer’s 2nd Army targeted Messines Ridge, southeast of Ypres, a German salient since 1914. Plumer intended to smash the German defences on the ridge, facilitating a subsequent advance to Passchendaele Ridge, where the Allies planned to have the Third Battle of Ypres (or Passchendaele). Plumer,... More
1918 Battle of Soissons Franco-American Counterattack 18 July–6 August 1918
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1918 Battle of Soissons Franco-American Counterattack 18 July–6 August 1918
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The ‘Miracle of the Marne’ marked the end of German hopes of a quick victory in 1914, the second battle there in 1918 would lead inexorably to their defeat. As a final fling of the Blücher-Yorck offensive, the Germans had mounted attacks either side of Reims. Blocked to the east,... More