Era

Showing 85–96 of 140 results

Recruitment and Fundraising for St Louis’s Crusade 1248–54
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Recruitment and Fundraising for St Louis’s Crusade 1248–54
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In 1245, Pope Innocent IV convened a great ecclesiastical council at Lyons, at which Louis IX of France announced he would lead a crusade. The pope lent his support and authorized a levy on clerical revenues to help with finance. Louis proved adept at finding additional revenues. After the Albigensian... More
Recruitment for the First Crusade 1095–96
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Recruitment for the First Crusade 1095–96
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The call for the First Crusade was made at Clermont in France’s heartland by Pope Urban II, a French nobleman by birth. In a God-fearing age his message was compelling; liberate Jerusalem and attain salvation. Urban had other pragmatic motives, since Muslims still controlled most of Spain, and threatened Byzantium... More
Reverend John Campbell in South Africa 1815
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Reverend John Campbell in South Africa 1815
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By the 19th century, when the Cape Colony came under British rule, South Africa was a major hub for maritime trade between Asia and Europe, and in the wake of traders came successive waves of Christian missionaries, originating in the Netherlands, the British Isles, France in the United States. Many... More
Secularism and Faith 1848–1915
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Secularism and Faith 1848–1915
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The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars had swept away the old aristocratic-clerical dominance of the hierarchy, and Catholics all over Europe looked once again to the ultimate authority of the pope. The papacy regarded the upsurge of liberal and nationalist movements in the 19th century with great suspicion. 1848 was... More
Settlement of the Pacific
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Settlement of the Pacific
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Around 50,000 years ago lower sea levels produced a contiguous landmass in western Indonesia from which early humans island-hopped to the then-fused New Guinea and Australia. The next plunge, into the Pacific, began in around 1500 BCE, possibly linked to the evolution of the twin hulled sailing canoe. Roughly contemporaneous... More
Significant Plantations in the Antebellum South
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Significant Plantations in the Antebellum South
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The ways in which slave labour was organized were dictated by the requirements of the crop. In the Deep South cotton, which required few specialized skills, was typically cultivated via the gang system, where synchronized tasks were performed under close supervision. The crops of the east coast lowlands, coffee, pimento,... More
Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century
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Slaves and Free Blacks in the Caribbean early 19th century
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The pattern and incidence of slavery varied widely across the Caribbean. The British and French colonies, with economies dominated by the highly labour-intensive plantation cultivation of sugar, were the largest slave markets. The sugar crop produced lucrative returns; Barbados was adjudged ‘the richest spot of ground in the world’, and,... More
South Asian Religions from 1947
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South Asian Religions from 1947
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Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka share a common history of British colonial rule, and have experienced missionary activities from Christians that date back many centuries. A Muslim majority is found in Pakistan (95%) and Bangladesh (89.5%), while Hinduism is the dominant religion in India (80.5%) and Buddhism in Sri Lanka... More
Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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The Spanish colonization of California began in 1769, with the establishment of a presidio, or fort, at San Diego, followed by a steady progression up the coast. Further presidios were sited at Monterey (1777), which became the provincial seat of government, San Francisco (1776) and Santa Barbara (1786). While the... More
Struggles of the Judges
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Struggles of the Judges
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The Biblical ‘Judges’ were military leaders as well as legal authorities; their precise job description is unclear. Each of those mentioned in the Book of Judges appeared to have led various confederations of Israelite tribes against external threat or oppression. Othniel delivers the tribe of Judah from the Aramites, Barak... More
The Armenian Genocide 1915
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The Armenian Genocide 1915
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On the eve of World War I, there were 2 million Armenians in the declining Ottoman Empire. By 1922, there were fewer than 400,000. In 1908 the Young Turk movement of discontented junior army officers seized power, determined to modernise and nationalise the Empire. In 1914 they entered World War... More
The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland 431 CE
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The Arrival of Christianity in Ireland 431 CE
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Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine as the first bishop ‘to the Irish believers in Christ’, so presumably the religion had some foothold prior to his arrival. St Patrick was hot on his heels, arriving from Britain the following year (432 CE), and was reinforced by the Saints Auxilius (Patrick’s... More