Era – The Map Archive

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1146–86 Defence of Latin East
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1146–86 Defence of Latin East
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The Latin East was formed after the First Crusade (1095–99), when Christian settlers occupied territories in the Levant, including Jerusalem. Further north, they settled in Tripoli, Edessa and Antioch. Despite Edessa falling to Muslim warlord Zengi in 1146 and a failed Second Crusade (1147–49), the settlers stayed entrenched. Their kingdom... More
Afghanistan Regions 2005
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Afghanistan Regions 2005
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Following Operation Enduring Freedom, conducted by the US, with assistance from numerous other countries and the UN International Security Assistance Force, the influence and violent interventions of the Taliban were gradually eradicated. Afghanistan was able to hold its first direct presidential election on 9 October 2004, ushering in Hamid Karzai... More
Africa, Desert States c. 1350–1600
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Africa, Desert States c. 1350–1600
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The nomadic Bedouin followed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of North Africa, spreading from their heartlands in Syria, Jordan and Arabia. Pastoralists, they would occupy the arid steppes on the margins of arable cultivation, ranging over wide areas and trading their livestock produce for the cereals, dates and... More
All Roads Lead to Dublin – the Georgian Economy
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All Roads Lead to Dublin – the Georgian Economy
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The prosperity of the 18th century translated into a rapid improvement in Ireland’s infrastructure. Financed from Dublin, the transport network radiated from the city, a combination of turnpike roads and canals. The port of Dublin’s dominance was accentuated by the steady elimination of punitive duties originally imposed by England on... More
Ancient Greece c. 500 BCE
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Ancient Greece c. 500 BCE
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The Greek classical era (beginning c. 500 BCE) lasted around 200 years and saw the rise of democracy (‘people power’) when Athenian leader, Cleisthenes, created a political system that enfranchised adult men of Athenian descent. Many Greek city-states practised democracy, although there were exceptions, such as Sparta and ‘barbarian’ Epirus.... More
Angkor Wat c. 1150
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Angkor Wat c. 1150
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Occupying 500 acres and soaring to 699 feet (213 m) Angkor Wat, located in modern-day Cambodia, is the name of one of the largest temple complexes in the world. Built as a Hindu funerary temple in the 12th century, it became part of the Theravada Buddhist movement in the 14th... More
Arabia before the Muslim Conquests
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Arabia before the Muslim Conquests
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In the early 7th century, the Near East was dominated by an epic conflict between the Byzantines and Sasanians. After reaching the gates of Constantinople, the Sasanians were driven back by the Byzantine emperor, Heraclius. Against this backdrop, the Arabian peninsula was, before the explosive arrival of Islam, peripheral to... More
Archbishop Romeyn’s Preaching Campaign in the Diocese of York 1291
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Archbishop Romeyn’s Preaching Campaign in the Diocese of York 1291
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As the Muslim army of Qalawun threatened the removal of the Franks from Jerusalem in the lead-up to 1291, there was a desperate attempt to recruit new Christian forces from across Europe to defend Christianity’s last grasp of control in the region. As Archbishop of York, John le Romeyn was... More
Assault on Omaha Beach: Situation at Midday 6 June 1944
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Assault on Omaha Beach: Situation at Midday 6 June 1944
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The assault on Omaha was particularly tough due to the large bluffs that overlook the beach. Above the cliffs were the main German defences, which had a clear view of the entire beach. The only cover for the attacking American troops was a small shingle bank and sea wall at... More
Battle of Arsuf 1191
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Battle of Arsuf 1191
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The pivotal moment of the battle of Arsuf was an act of insubordination. After taking the Siege of Acre, Richard I of England marched his crusader army south along the coast towards Jaffa, south of Arsuf. Throughout, his forces were harried by the forces of the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin. Richard... More
Battle of Harran 1104
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Battle of Harran 1104
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After the successes of the First Crusade, the newly-founded crusader city states were bullishly seeking to extend their domains. In 1104, Baldwin, Count of Edessa, and Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, teamed up to lay siege to the fortress town of Harran, thereby threatening the city of Aleppo. This galvanized the... More
Battle of Hattin 1187
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Battle of Hattin 1187
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Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, assembled a large empire that engirdled the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187, exasperated by the constant marauding of Reynald de Chatillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, he marched an army of 20,000 through the Horns of Hattin to Tiberias. In response, the perpetually fractious crusaders,... More