Spread of Islam – The Map Archive

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Abbasid Empire c. 850
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Abbasid Empire c. 850
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The Abbasids swept aside the Umayyad dynasty in a series of revolts in the middle of the 8th century, culminating in the decisive victory at the Battle of Zab in 750 CE. A key ingredient in their success was their ability to unite a disparate set of excluded groups including... More
Battle of Yarmuk 636
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Battle of Yarmuk 636
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In the build-up to the Battle of Yarmuk, Islamic armies had inflicted decisive defeats on the Sassanids before commencing the conquest of Byzantine Syria. Alerted to a Byzantine counteroffensive, General Khalid gathered his Islamic forces, east of the River Yarmuk, with his flanks protected by a hill and a ravine.... More
Expansion of Islam 750–1700
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Expansion of Islam 750–1700
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The ‘Big Bang’ of the Umayyad Caliphate carried Islam by conquest from Spain to India in the century after Muhammad’s death. These dominions commanded the major trade routes of Europe, Asia and Africa; Islam’s further expansion owed as much to its long period of cultural and commercial hegemony as to... More
Expansion of Islam in Southeast Asia 1500–1800
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Expansion of Islam in Southeast Asia 1500–1800
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The first Muslim merchants are recorded in Sumatra in the 7th century. The catalyst for wider dissemination came with the establishment of powerful sultanates with trading empires in the 15th and 16th centuries: Malacca, Brunei and Aceh (Sufi missionaries were also influential). The Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511, but Aceh... More
Fatimid Empire and other Islamic states c. 1000
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Fatimid Empire and other Islamic states c. 1000
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By the millennium, the Islamic world was prey to an array of centrifugal forces. At its core, the Abbasid caliphate had been reduced to a largely symbolic function by the Buwayhid emirate. In its turn the Buwayhids had passed their peak, and were increasingly threatened by internal dissent, and the... More
Islam: Expansion to 750
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Islam: Expansion to 750
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The trajectory of the military expansion of Islam is not dissimilar to the Mongol conquests of Timur or Genghis Khan. The initial phase was painstaking, with many reverses, before the unification of the warring tribes of Arabia in a religious polity, which was followed by an explosive advance, in all... More
Islamic Spain c. 1030
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Islamic Spain c. 1030
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The Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba disintegrated into a number of regional principalities in 1031 after shifting balances of power and a lengthy civil war following the death of al-Halam II in 976. The caliphate was originally established as the Emirate of Córdoba by Abd-ar-Rahman I, who was a junior member... More
Muhammad’s Missions and Campaigns to 632
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Muhammad’s Missions and Campaigns to 632
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After twelve years of persecution of his Muslim believers and the ostracism of his Hashemite clan, Muhammad led his followers on the Hijra, or ‘flight’ from Mecca to Medina. There he established a political and religious state governed in accordance with his Constitution of Medina. In 624 and 625, Muhammad... More
Muslim conquests in North Africa and Europe 634–752
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Muslim conquests in North Africa and Europe 634–752
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During the Rashidun caliphate (632–661), control of the Arabian Peninsula and crushing defeat of the Sasanid Empire was achieved within a decade. The Rashiduns then confronted the Byzantine Empire, in Syria and Egypt. The Arab conquest of North Africa was staccato, with two sweeping invasions subsequently halted by military reverses... More
Pilgrim Routes of Arabia c. 1200
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Pilgrim Routes of Arabia c. 1200
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The Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, was one of the Prophet Muhammad’s five pillars of Islam, to be performed at least once in the life of all able-bodied Muslims. With the explosive growth in the number of believers generated by Islamic conquests and attendant proselytization, the network of pilgrimage routes... More
Pre-Muslim India 1200
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Pre-Muslim India 1200
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Jaichand, the last king of the Ghadavala dynasty, like King Harold, fell to an arrow through the eye at the battle of Chandwar (1193) near his capital, Kanauj. Unlike Harold, he was then trampled by elephants, so his corpse could only be identified by its gold-capped teeth. This victory, by... More
Spread of Islam in Africa c. 1000
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Spread of Islam in Africa c. 1000
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Islam swept the Mediterranean margins of Africa in the 7th century at the point of a sword. Southward permeation was more gradual: invasions of Christian Makuria were twice repulsed, in 642 and 652. Thereafter, the primary vehicle for conversion was via the trade routes, across the Sahara and down the... More