Forced-Migration

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  Germans in East Central Europe c. 1900

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  Germans in East Central Europe c. 1900

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  The eastward settlement (Ostsiedlung) by Germans became pronounced in Medieval times, and was often through invitation of local rulers who valued their industry, skills and martial prowess. Colonies in 12th-century Transylvania and Carpathian Galicia originated in this manner, and Catherine the Great solicited the influx of the Volga Germans. The... More
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  Huguenot Migrations in Europe 1685–1715

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  Huguenot Migrations in Europe 1685–1715

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  In 1598 the Edict of Nantes ended the French Wars of Religion. The Edict granted French Huguenots (Protestants) religious toleration, as well as equal status in French society. The Huguenots’ position, however, became increasingly insecure during the reign of Louis XIV when a substantial Protestant minority was seen as threat... More
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  Jewish Diaspora 587 BCE–300 CE

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  Jewish Diaspora 587 BCE–300 CE

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  The Jewish diaspora (‘dispersion’) is the term used to refer to Jews who are exiled from their homeland in Israel. Although many Jews were exiled prior to 587, the first major diaspora was in 586 BCE when the Babylonians conquered Judaea and deported much of the population into slavery. Several... More
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  Jewish Refugees 1939–1947

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  Jewish Refugees 1939–1947

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  In 1939, the St Louis set sail with 937 Jewish refugees on board, all fleeing Nazi Germany. The ship was to stop in Cuba before carrying onto America. Although nearly all of the passengers had the correct tickets, visas and paperwork, they were refused entry into Cuba. Failed negotiations forced... More
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  Reservations in Indian Territory 1833–42

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  Reservations in Indian Territory 1833–42

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  General William Sherman described reservations as ‘ land entirely occupied by Indians and entirely surrounded by white thieves’. Unscrupulous agents bilked the Indians of supplies, and squatters and speculators gnawed away their land. The Cherokee and Delaware ‘outlets’, which were intended as free-passage corridors westward for the tribes to hunt,... More
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  The Long Walk 1864

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  The Long Walk 1864

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  General William T. Sherman rarely purveyed the milk of human kindness. He was infamous for ‘scorched earth’ tactics against the Confederate South in the Civil War. Graduating to Indian warfare, he advocated pursuit of the Sioux with ‘vindictive eagerness…even to their extermination, men, women and children’. But this flinty-hearted warrior... More
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  The Trail of Tears 1838–39

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  The Trail of Tears 1838–39

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  With the passage of the Indian Removal Act (1830), President Andrew Jackson was furnished with a legislative mechanism for the exchange of Indian land on a voluntary basis. It did not allow forced relocation. Jackson’s immediate targets were the ‘Five Civilized tribes’ (Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw and Seminole). He sought... More
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  The United States 1840

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  The United States 1840

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  The state of Arkansas was admitted as the 25th state in 1836. The forced removal of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians from the eastern homelands was then at its height, and the main routes of the ‘Trail of Tears’ ran through the new state to the designated resettlement zones... More
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  Wounded Knee 29 December 1890

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  Wounded Knee 29 December 1890

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  Displaced from their traditional homelands, then shunted to progressively smaller and more barren reservations, the provisions of the Dawes Act (1887) were the final wrecking ball for the Indian way of life. Under the pretext of ‘assimilation’, the Indians were now to be assigned individual land allotments, abolishing communal ownership,... More