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Showing 1–12 of 16 results

  • Africa after the Berlin Conference 1885

    Africa after the Berlin Conference 1885

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    Africa after the Berlin Conference 1885

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    At the instigation of Portugal, the Berlin Conference was convened by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, with 13 European powers and the United States represented. Its purpose was to establish a mutually agreed protocol for the colonization of Africa. The Conference reached agreement regarding some existing conflicts between the... More
  • Africa c. 1830

    Africa c. 1830

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    Africa c. 1830

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    From 1808–34, the abolition movement progressively eliminated the slave trade with North America, but the Islamic Sokoto caliphate did its best to compensate. Founded in 1804 by a Sufist rebellion, this confederation of emirates became one of Africa’s largest polities and second only to the American South in its slave... More
  • Africa in 1600

    Africa in 1600

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    Africa in 1600

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    The Saadi dynasty of Morocco, would, in a decade, sound the death knell for two African empires. Their campaign (1590–91) destroyed the Songhay and annexed their lucrative trading networks; earlier the crushing of the ‘crusade’ of King Sebastian (1578) had led quickly to Portugal’s absorption by Spain. Moroccan control of... More
  • African Resistance to 1914

    African Resistance to 1914

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    African Resistance to 1914

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    In the ‘Scramble for Africa’, the native populations were largely seen as irrelevant; the real opposition was the rival colonial powers. Bristling with the armaments of the second Industrial Revolution, notably the Maxim machine gun, set-piece battles hugely favoured the colonialists, as at Omdurman (1898), when Kitchener crushed the Mahdist... More
  • Central Africa 1884–94

    Central Africa 1884–94

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    Central Africa 1884–94

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    The Berlin Conference (1884–85) fired the starting gun for the ‘Scramble for Africa’. Britain was the most ubiquitous, with Cecil Rhodes (‘I would annex planets if I could’) carrying out a concerted land grab from the south, while a network of British protectorates in the north stretched from Egypt to... More
  • Christian Missions in Africa 1860–1914

    Christian Missions in Africa 1860–1914

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    Christian Missions in Africa 1860–1914

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    Until the 1830s, the dominant purpose of European colonization in Africa was the slave trade. Thereafter, the cargo changed but economic exploitation remained the heart of the enterprise, reaching peak intensity during the ‘Scramble for Africa’ initiated by the Treaty of Berlin (1885). The record of Christian missions through this... More
  • Eastern Cape 1878

    Eastern Cape 1878

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    Eastern Cape 1878

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    The Boer South African Republic (SAR) came into existence in the 1830s, and was recognized by the British in 1852. At the same time, the British forced independence on Orange Free State (most settlers there preferred to remain a colony). Zoutpansberg and Lydenburg briefly seceded from the SAR, before reincorporation... More
  • Kingdoms of Central and East Africa c. 1850

    Kingdoms of Central and East Africa c. 1850

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    Kingdoms of Central and East Africa c. 1850

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    The direct European colonial penetration of Central Africa was minimal prior to the late 19th-century ‘Scramble’, with the Portuguese maintaining the largest presence on the coasts of Angola and Mozambique. Seyid Said, the Sultan of Oman (r. 1806–56) annexed the ports of the Swahili coast – Kilwa, Zanzibar and Mombasa... More
  • Natal and Zululand 1879

    Natal and Zululand 1879

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    Natal and Zululand 1879

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    Britain agreed a border with Portuguese East Africa in 1875, and then accomplished the annexation, apparently painlessly, of Boer Transvaal in 1877. Now, the bullish British High Commissioner, Henry Bartle Frere, felt ready to move on the last major independent native kingdom: Zululand. Fomenting a dispute, British forces invaded in... More
  • Northeast Africa 1840–98

    Northeast Africa 1840–98

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    Northeast Africa 1840–98

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    In the early 19th century, Northeast Africa largely comprised a motley and shifting hotchpotch of sultanates loosely within the sphere of influence of the decaying Ottoman Empire. The khedives (‘viceroys’) of Egypt were virtually autonomous, and territorially acquisitive, annexing Equatoria and Darfur. The opening of the Suez Canal changed the... More
  • South Africa 1854–1910

    South Africa 1854–1910

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    South Africa 1854–1910

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    The South African political landscape from 1854 onwards was characterized by diverse constantly changing borders. European colonial settlement, mainly by the British and Dutch, had created a plethora of small colonies of varying size and degrees of autonomy that existed alongside pre-existing indigenous kingdoms. The largest state in the region... More
  • South Africa 1878

    South Africa 1878

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    South Africa 1878

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    In the mid-19th century the British tolerated the independent Boer republics by agreeing to a boundary between the Natal colony and Zululand. However, the discovery of diamonds at Kimberley in 1867 changed their policy. First, they annexed West Griqualand where the diamond mines were located, then proposed the Boer republics... More