Warfare – Page 89 – The Map Archive

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Tours 732
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Tours 732
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The battle of Tours saw Charles Martel’s Frankish army confront the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, the Andalusian Muslims. The Umayyad army had made easy progress from Spain through southern Gaul, defeating Duke Odo’s forces in Bordeaux. Al Ghafiqi did not anticipate heavy resistance as... More
Transvaal and Zululand 1878
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Transvaal and Zululand 1878
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In February 1875, a British commission was appointed to adjudicate on the ongoing border dispute between the Boers of Transvaal and the Zulu, finding almost entirely in favour of the Zulu. The British High Commissioner, Sir Henry Bartle Frere, called the report ‘unfair to the Boers’ and remained determined to... More
Treaty of Bretigny 1360
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Treaty of Bretigny 1360
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The Battle of Poitiers (1356) resulted in an emphatic victory for the English forces led by King Edward III’s son, the Black Prince. The French king, John the Good, and his son, together with most of their nobles were captured. France descended into chaos: disaffected nobles ravaged the countryside, where... More
Trentino Offensive June 1917
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Trentino Offensive June 1917
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Two days after the cessation of the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo, the Italians launched an attack on the Austro-Hungarian positions in Trentino, captured in the offensive of the previous summer. Cadorna, the Italian Chief of Staff, was aware they might be used to attack his Isonzo forces from the... More
Trouble on the Texas Border 1846
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Trouble on the Texas Border 1846
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The term ‘Manifest destiny’ was coined on the occasion of the annexation of Texas (1845). While never official policy, President Polk certainly scented the opportunity to expand from Texas to the Pacific, at the expense of a newly independent Mexican state enfeebled by Comanche and Apache wars. The pretext was... More
Turenne’s German Campaign 1674–75
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Turenne’s German Campaign 1674–75
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Louis XIV’s expansionist attacks on the Netherlands provoked hostility from other European states, and the armies of Austria and Brandenburg under Friedrich-Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg, posed a threat in the upper Rhine. In 1674, therefore, Vicomte de Turenne was tasked with preventing invasion in Alsace. His first campaign saw success... More
Twenty Miles around New York 1776–77
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Twenty Miles around New York 1776–77
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The commander-in-chief of the British army in America was Sir William Howe. His New York campaign of 1776-77 was distinguished by an unerring capacity to miss the rebel jugular. Firstly, having outflanked and encircled Washington’s army at Brooklyn Heights on Long Island, he declined to attack (and probably finish the... More
Tyneside Raids April–June 1915
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Tyneside Raids April–June 1915
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The German Zeppelin L9 was returning to its base on 14 April 1914, when it was instructed to raid Tyneside. At 19.00 it reached Tynemouth, travelled northwards and dropped its first bombs around Blyth, disgorging a total of 22 bombs. It turned southwards where it dropped eight bombs on a... More
U-boat losses 1914–18
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U-boat losses 1914–18
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The U-boats, German submarines, threatened Allied ships mainly around the British Isles, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean. Most of their submarines were in Belgium and German bases, from which they targeted North Sea and Atlantic shipping. There was also a large base in Pola. At first, they torpedoed war... More
Ukraine 1914–2014
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Ukraine 1914–2014
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Throughout World War I, the people of the Ukrainian territories were split between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia allowed nationalism in the Ukraine to flourish and Socialist movements established a number of short-lived states. The Ukrainian People’s Republic and the West Ukrainian People’s Republic were... More
Unification of Italy 1859–70
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Unification of Italy 1859–70
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As with Germany, Italian nationalism was incubated under Napoleonic rule. The Carbonari, an aristocratic secret society, spread insurrection with foreign aid, while Mazzini’s Young Italy movement was grassroots and republican. Rebellions in 1848 were quickly snuffed out, but in 1859 the kingdom of Sardinia annexed Lombardy from the Austrians after... More
US Government and High Command 1914–1918
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US Government and High Command 1914–1918
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As the USA entered the war in 1917, new branches of government were created to ease the burden on the pre-existing peacetime administrative system. President Woodrow Wilson, although possessing ultimate jurisdiction over all aspects of the war effort, delegated combat decisions to the top ranks of the Army and Navy,... More