Warfare – Page 74 – The Map Archive

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The Daylight Gotha Raids 7 July 1917–12 August 1917
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The Daylight Gotha Raids 7 July 1917–12 August 1917
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Unlike the Zeppelin raids, which took place at night, the Gothas’ first attacks were in daylight. These powerful aircraft flew in formation, like a flock of birds. On 7 July, the German Kagohl 3 unit flew 22 Gothas over the east coast and across Dartford on a raid over London,... More
The Daylight Gotha Raids Principal Attacks by Kagohl 3 May–June 1917
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The Daylight Gotha Raids Principal Attacks by Kagohl 3 May–June 1917
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The Kagohl 3 unit were used on 25 May 1917 and 13 June 1917 to fly Gotha daylight raids. The Gothas were ‘monsters’ with a 70-ft wingspan, powerful Mercedes engines and precision bombing capability. They each carried 13 bombs and flew in formation. The Germans thought that the Gotha would... More
The Decline of German Influence in the Baltic 1397–1560
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The Decline of German Influence in the Baltic 1397–1560
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In 1397, the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (including most of Finland) became allied under a single monarch by the Kalmar Union (so called after the town in southeast Sweden), and in 1460 the Germanic province of Holstein was also incorporated. The Union was formed to counter the... More
The Defence of France 1814
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The Defence of France 1814
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In 1814 Napoleon’s forces, depleted and weary after two years of successive defeats in Russia and central Europe, were now threatened by a coalition invasion of France itself. Outnumbered by the combined might of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and several German states, Napoleon conscripted further... More
The Defences of Egypt c. 1500 BCE
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The Defences of Egypt c. 1500 BCE
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Pharaoh Senusret III (1878–1839 BCE) was venerated as a god in the Semna region on the Nubian borders, out of awe for the scale of his building projects. He erected massive twin fortresses at Semna and Kumma on opposite banks of the Nile. To reinforce Egypt’s defences against Nubian or... More
The Devastation of the Iroquois Lands 1779
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The Devastation of the Iroquois Lands 1779
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In 1778 William Butler, a Loyalist militia captain, and Joseph Brant, a mission-educated Mohawk chief, joined forces in raiding American settlements in upstate New York and Pennsylvania. Most of their forces were Indian, and enraged by previous destruction of their own villages by rebels. ‘Butler’s Rangers’ were notorious for their... More
The Dukla Pass 8 September–30 November 1944
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The Dukla Pass 8 September–30 November 1944
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The Battle of the Dukla Pass saw heavy fighting as Soviet forces attempted to push into Czechoslovakia in order to provide assistance to the Slovak uprising, which began on 29 August 1944. The Germans had built heavy fortifications in the Carpathian Mountains along the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia, which... More
The Dutch Revolt 1566–1609
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The Dutch Revolt 1566–1609
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The Twelve Years’ Truce (1609), was a form of triumph for the seven United Provinces. Merely by signing it, their former overlords Spain tacitly acknowledged their independent existence after 40 years of rebellion. It began with the ‘Statue Storm’ (1566), the destruction of Catholic icons, and rapidly became military. Initial... More
The Eastern Front August 1914
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The Eastern Front August 1914
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When war was declared on 17 August 1914, the configuration of the eastern front presented Russia with a mixture of opportunity and risk. Their Polish dominions formed a huge salient into the territory of the Central Powers, which Russia used as a springboard for an immediate strike against East Prussia... More
The Eastern Front August–December 1914
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The Eastern Front August–December 1914
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Between August–December 1914, the overall picture on the eastern front displayed a dynamic equilibrium. In the north, German victories at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes had the Russians in retreat but, in the south, the Russians had achieved equally decisive victories over General Conrad’s Austro-Hungarian army in the Battle of... More
The Eastern Front July 1914
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The Eastern Front July 1914
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From the outset, the eastern front was a very different theatre of war to the western front, vastly more extended, traversing plains and mountain ranges, much of it sparsely populated with poor communications and transport. The Germans, wedded to the Schlieffen Plan, hoped their strong eastern defences and Austrian allies... More
The Eastern Front, End of 1915
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The Eastern Front, End of 1915
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The first 18 months of the war ruthlessly exposed the military deficiencies of both Russia and Austria-Hungary. Russia had initiated the war with bravado, two armies immediately invading East Prussia, but a brilliant German counteroffensive saw both armies routed at a cost of some 200,000 casualties. However, the Austro-Hungarian attempt... More