Warfare – Page 56 – The Map Archive

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Ration Strengths November 1918
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Ration Strengths November 1918
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An army’s ‘ration strength’ means all those within the armed forces partaking of rations. This includes non-combatants and the transport, medical and catering corps. The figures for November 1918 reveal an Allied superiority on the western front, nearing 2:1, meaning that for every two Allies, there was one German. However,... More
Recruitment and Fundraising for St Louis’s Crusade 1248–54
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Recruitment and Fundraising for St Louis’s Crusade 1248–54
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In 1245, Pope Innocent IV convened a great ecclesiastical council at Lyons, at which Louis IX of France announced he would lead a crusade. The pope lent his support and authorized a levy on clerical revenues to help with finance. Louis proved adept at finding additional revenues. After the Albigensian... More
Recruitment for the First Crusade 1095–96
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Recruitment for the First Crusade 1095–96
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The call for the First Crusade was made at Clermont in France’s heartland by Pope Urban II, a French nobleman by birth. In a God-fearing age his message was compelling; liberate Jerusalem and attain salvation. Urban had other pragmatic motives, since Muslims still controlled most of Spain, and threatened Byzantium... More
Red River War 1874–75
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Red River War 1874–75
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The Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867) allocated Cheyenne, Kiowa, Comanche and Arapaho reservations east of the Texas Panhandle, but the industrial-scale extermination of bison by commercial hunters soon threatened them with starvation. Incited by a spiritual leader who claimed he could make them bullet-proof and invisible, some 300 Indians attacked the... More
Renaissance Italy c. 1500
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Renaissance Italy c. 1500
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The early-mid 15th century saw a steady consolidation of the medieval city-states of northern Italy. In 1454, three of the most powerful states, Milan, Florence and Naples settled their territorial differences at the Peace of Lodi. There was calm until the 1490s, when Ludovico Sforza invited the armies of France,... More
Resaca 14 May 1864
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Resaca 14 May 1864
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Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston had fallen back to Resaca after a week of inconclusive skirmishing along Rocky Face Ridge, and was determined to make a stand. General Sherman’s Union army was effecting a crossing of the Oostanaula River downstream to threaten Johnston’s railroad supply lines, and ordered feinting attacks... More
Resaca 15 May 1864
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Resaca 15 May 1864
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On the second day at Resaca, a further feinting attack was ordered, while more Union troops traversed the Oostanaula downstream. The battle revolved around the Confederate ‘Cherokee’ Battery of four cannon, which had been positioned to fire on the Union lines. While other Union attacks were repulsed General Hooker’s men... More
Retreat to Küt November–December 1915
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Retreat to Küt November–December 1915
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When the 6th Indian Division retreated from Ctesiphon on 26 November, they were at first unaware that the Ottoman forces had halted their own withdrawal, and were now on their heels. On 28 November at the village of Aziziya, the Allies were joined by three companies of reinforcements but, in... More
Rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia 1640–99
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Rise of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia 1640–99
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When Leopold I became heir apparent to the Habsburg lands his father, Ferdinand III, made him king of Hungary (1655) and Bohemia (1656). Upon his father’s death, he inherited Austria and, despite opposition from France, became Holy Roman Emperor in 1658. Habsburg power was consolidated in central and eastern Europe,... More
Rival Empires August–November 1914
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Rival Empires August–November 1914
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The alignment of the Central Powers along an axis through central Europe and the Near East gave them the advantage of ‘interior lines of communication’, enabling them to switch and redeploy more rapidly than their opponents, mitigating the disadvantage of having to fight on two fronts. Globally, Britain and France’s... More
Roanoke Island 8 February 1862
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Roanoke Island 8 February 1862
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On 7–8 February the Union general, Ambrose Everett Burnside, raised a coastal division to target North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, whose fortifications protected the Sounds, creating a passage for Confederate ships. By taking the island, Burnside believed that he would be able to lay siege to the Confederate naval base at... More
Roman Gaul 50 BCE
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Roman Gaul 50 BCE
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For centuries Rome and its satellite colonies suffered from raids by Celtic and Germanic tribes from territories to the northwest of the Italian peninsula, a region they knew as ‘Gaul’ (Latin ‘Gallia’). From trading colonies at Massilia (Marseilles) and Narbo (Narbonne), the Romans established Gallia Narbonensis (aka Transalpine Gaul) as... More