Warfare – Page 39 – The Map Archive

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Invasions c. 910
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Invasions c. 910
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Throughout much of the 9th and 10th centuries, Europe was raided and settled by a number of different societies on its periphery. Vikings launched raids across the sea from Scandinavia in the north, establishing settlements in Britain alongside the Anglo-Saxons in an area that became known as the Danelaw. They... More
Iran-Iraq War 1980–88
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Iran-Iraq War 1980–88
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After the overthrow of Shah Reza Pahlavi by the Ayatollah Khomeini, Iran was in upheaval and diplomatically isolated. The Ayatollah preached pan-Arabic Shiite Revolution, which Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, as a Sunni ruler of a country with a Shiite majority, viewed as a provocation. In September 1980, he launched an... More
Iraq 20 March 2003
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Iraq 20 March 2003
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From the 1990s onwards, Iraq’s military strength was much reduced following the Gulf War. As international opposition to Saddam Hussein’s regime grew in the months leading up to the 20 March 2003 invasion, US forces were amassed in Kuwait ready for a thrust north towards Baghdad. Special Forces were also... More
Iraq, Syria and Persia April–September 1941
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Iraq, Syria and Persia April–September 1941
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Britain had the use of two RAF bases in Iraq, at Shaibah near Basra and Habbaniya near Baghdad. In April 1941, a coup by the pro-Nazi Iraqi prime minister, Rashid Ali, overthrew the pro-British Iraqi regent, endangering Allied oil supplies, and cutting off a vital air and land link between... More
Islam: Expansion to 750
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Islam: Expansion to 750
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The trajectory of the military expansion of Islam is not dissimilar to the Mongol conquests of Timur or Genghis Khan. The initial phase was painstaking, with many reverses, before the unification of the warring tribes of Arabia in a religious polity, which was followed by an explosive advance, in all... More
Island No 10 and New Madrid 3 March–8 April 1862
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Island No 10 and New Madrid 3 March–8 April 1862
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After marching through swamps, Union forces, led by Brigadier General John Pope, lay siege to New Madrid, Missouri, from 3–14 March 1862. New Madrid was in the Mississippi flood plain and a strongpoint for defending the Mississippi River. After Union forces repulsed the Confederate raiders and bombed their fortifications, the... More
Israeli Counterattack May 1948–March 1949
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Israeli Counterattack May 1948–March 1949
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From May 1948, the balance of military power swung decisively in Israel’s favour. A rapid inflow of volunteers from home and abroad gave them troop parity by June 1948, a 2:1 advantage six months later. A steady supply of fighter planes from Czechoslovakia gave Israel command of the air, while... More
Italian Government and High Command 1915–18
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Italian Government and High Command 1915–18
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Italy’s decision to enter the war on the Allied side was governed by what its prime minister, Antonio Salandra, termed ‘sacred egoism’; essentially the Allies promised a victory bonus of European territory from Austria-Hungary and Germany’s colonies. Most of the council of deputies were opposed to war, and Salandra would... More
Italy’s Alpine Frontier 1915
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Italy’s Alpine Frontier 1915
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Italy needed to go on the offensive when it entered the war on the Allied side in May 1915. The unexpected pivot away from the Central Powers had been sold to raucous populist support, as a strategy to win back the terre irredente (‘unreclaimed lands’) from Austria-Hungary. This was a... More
Italy’s First Offensives May–August 1915
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Italy’s First Offensives May–August 1915
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Italy’s military operations in World War 1 would assume a repetitive pattern dictated by geography. The one route available for an assault on Austria-Hungary by conventional means was along the Isonzo valley. After a short delay, while Italy’s modest standing army was swelled by a massive conscription programme, the first... More
Jackson’s Shenandoah Campaign 30 May–9 June 1862
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Jackson’s Shenandoah Campaign 30 May–9 June 1862
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Upon learning of Jackson’s exploits in the Shenandoah, President Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell to the Valley. With Banks and Fremont sent back, three Union armies were now dedicated to Jackson’s apprehension. Fremont and McDowell set off in pursuit of Jackson following, respectively, the north and south forks of the... More
Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign 23 March–27 May 1862
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Jackson’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign 23 March–27 May 1862
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‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s troops earned the sobriquet ‘foot cavalry’ for the speed with which they marched 650 miles (1,050 km) in 48 days in the Shenandoah Valley campaign. It all began with a rare defeat, when he ill-advisedly attacked a much larger Union army at Kernstown. But his rashness worked to... More