Warfare – Page 28 – The Map Archive

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Dunkirk: The Outer and Inner Perimeters 30 May–2 June 1940
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Dunkirk: The Outer and Inner Perimeters 30 May–2 June 1940
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The success of the evacuation of Dunkirk – Operation Dynamo – was reliant on a strong and successful rearguard to prevent any German breakthrough that could jeopardize the operation. A 25-mile (40-km) long and 8-mile deep outer perimeter, utilizing the natural waterways and canals around Dunkirk, was the main line... More
Early Invasion Plans 1941–1943
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Early Invasion Plans 1941–1943
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A number of Allied plans for the invasion of mainland Europe were considered but never came to fruition for various reasons. Plans to invade Norway under Operation Ajax, and later Jupiter, were strongly supported by Churchill as being of tactical importance, however almost all other leading British military figures considered... More
Early Wales c. 600–900
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Early Wales c. 600–900
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After the Romans left Britannia in the early 5th century, Irish Gaelic tribes colonized Celtic northern Wales. The kingdom of Gwynedd was formed after northern Britons (from as far afield as Strathclyde, Scotland) reclaimed the land and drove out the Irish settlers. Several generations later the kingdom of Gwynedd briefly... More
Early’s Raid on Washington July 11–12 1864
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Early’s Raid on Washington July 11–12 1864
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By summer 1864, with the Army of the Potomac converging on his capital, Richmond, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee gambled on a counterstrike, sending General Jubal Early to threaten Washington. Overcoming a lacklustre Union army at Lynchburg (June 18), Early closed on Washington’s outer defences, which were manned by inexperienced... More
Early’s Washington Raid 27 June–4 August 1864
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Early’s Washington Raid 27 June–4 August 1864
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While battle broke out at Cold Harbor near Richmond in June 1864, Confederate General Jubal Early was sent north to Maryland to draw Union forces away from the main Confederate army, and to proceed on Washington DC. Early crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown on 5 July and marched through Harpers... More
East Africa August 1914–November 1918
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East Africa August 1914–November 1918
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The German-led forces in East Africa, commanded by General von Lettow-Vorbeck, never exceeded 14,000. Lacking the resources to fight an offensive war, von Lettow aimed, instead, to tie down Allied troops and firepower: by these criteria, he was conspicuously successful. After an opening campaign of guerilla warfare, von Lettow confronted... More
East Central Europe 1570
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East Central Europe 1570
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Over the course of the 16th century the expansionist ambitions of the Ottoman Turks in Europe became focussed on the land route, turning their Balkan borders with the Habsburgs and Poland into a battle-scarred wasteland of tenuous vassal states over the next century. An early casualty was the kingdom of... More
East Central Europe 1720
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East Central Europe 1720
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By the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), the Ottoman Empire ceded large chunks of Balkan territory to the Habsburgs, Venetians and Poles. After a further defeat, the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718) saw the loss of Belgrade, leading Sultan Ahmed to sink into the floral reverie of the ‘Tulip Period’ (1718–30). Augustus... More
Eastern France 1643–1715
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Eastern France 1643–1715
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Following the Thirty Years’ War, and the pivotal French victory against the Spanish at Rocroi (1643), France’s military reputation was secured, and the period of French hegemony in Europe, under the rule of Louis XIV, began. France initially looked eastward, as a means of facilitating contact with her German allies,... More
Eastern Front – Central Powers Advance May–September 1915
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Eastern Front – Central Powers Advance May–September 1915
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In early 1915, the new German Chief of Staff, von Falkenhayn, switched reserves from the west to reinforce beleaguered Austro-Hungary. It was agreed that Austro-Hungary would now operate under German overall command. The newly unified armies achieved a decisive breakthrough in May with the Gorlice-Tranow offensive, proceeding to recapture Przemysl... More
Eastern Front August 1943
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Eastern Front August 1943
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After the failure of German Operation Citadel at Kursk, the final drive to push the Germans out of the Soviet Union began. As part of the Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation, the fourth Battle of Kharkov saw the Soviets make steady ground against the heavily outnumbered Germans to the south whilst nevertheless... More
Eastern Front December 1916–March 1917
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Eastern Front December 1916–March 1917
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In the summer of 1916, the Brusilov Offensive was to prove Russia’s greatest triumph of the war, and had momentous consequences. The Austro-Hungarian army suffered huge losses and was, effectively, a spent force, and its success persuaded an opportunistic Romania to enter the war on the Allied side, forcing Germany... More