Warfare – Page 2 – The Map Archive

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Abbasid Empire c. 850
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Abbasid Empire c. 850
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The Abbasids swept aside the Umayyad dynasty in a series of revolts in the middle of the 8th century, culminating in the decisive victory at the Battle of Zab in 750 CE. A key ingredient in their success was their ability to unite a disparate set of excluded groups including... More
Abolition of Slavery 1777–1865
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Abolition of Slavery 1777–1865
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At the start of the War of Independence (1776–83), slavery was legal throughout the thirteen colonies. In its aftermath, however, the northern states introduced legislation for abolition: in some abolition was immediate, in others gradual. The 1787 North West Ordinance prohibited slavery in the territories that would become Ohio, Indiana,... More
Action at McDowell 8 May 1862
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Action at McDowell 8 May 1862
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‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s spring 1862 Shenandoah Valley operation in West Virginia was essentially diversionary. The Union armies in the East were in the process of mounting an offensive against the Confederate capital Richmond, and Jackson’s aim was to tie up Union military resources through a campaign of manoeuvre. In this he... More
Advance into the Amiens Salient 8–25 August 1918
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Advance into the Amiens Salient 8–25 August 1918
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Victory in the Second Battle of the Marne at the beginning of August emboldened Marshal Foch, the Allied Supreme Commander, to order a full offensive on 8 August. It was decided to focus on Picardy rather than Flanders, as the terrain better suited tank warfare. The attack was broad based,... More
Advance to Königsberg October 1944–April 1945
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Advance to Königsberg October 1944–April 1945
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The Red Army’s Baltic Offensive, which began in the autumn of 1944, focussed on pushing German Army Group North out of Russia and the Baltic countries, which it had occupied since the German invasion in 1941. Continuing the momentum in the Soviet Union’s favour all along the eastern front, the... More
Afghanistan, 1978–84
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Afghanistan, 1978–84
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In 1978 the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led the Saur Revolution against President Daoud Khan, who had begun a crackdown against their growing political influence. The new Communist government, led by Hafizullah Amin, was widely unpopular and quickly garnered armed opposition from Mujahideen (fighters engaged in a jihad) who... More
Africa in World War II 1940–43
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Africa in World War II 1940–43
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British Commonwealth forces achieved the first Allied campaign victory of the war. Mussolini had been quick to follow his declaration of war (June 1940) with invasions of British Somaliland, Sudan and Kenya. But the British seized maritime control and counterattacked forcefully. By April 1941, East Africa had been secured, with... More
Air Defence of Britain 1918
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Air Defence of Britain 1918
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By 1918 Britain’s aerial defence capabilities had developed dramatically from just four years earlier. German air raids by Zeppelins, and primarily fixed-wing bombers later on, highlighted the need for a coordinated defence system. Collectively known as the London Air Defence Area, this system comprised outlook posts, ground-based anti-aircraft guns and... More
Air Relief for Berlin 12 June 1948–12 May 1949
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Air Relief for Berlin 12 June 1948–12 May 1949
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When the Allies introduced the new Deutsche Mark in June 1948 to replace the chronically devalued Reichsmark, the Soviet Union, aiming to keep Germany economically weak, cut off electricity supplies and blocked all Allied rail and road traffic to West Berlin. This left the two million inhabitants of West Berlin... More
Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1916
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Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1916
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The French field marshal Ferdinand Foch reputedly said ‘aviation is good sport, but for the army it’s useless’. However, necessity drove rapid innovation, and by 1916 aeroplanes had acquired three critical battlefield functions: reconnaissance, air defence, and bombing. Aerial supremacy switched frequently from side to side, as technological breakthroughs transferred... More
Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1917
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Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1917
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1917 began with Germany once more assuming control of the air, epitomized by the exploits of the fighter ace, Manfred von Richtofen, known as the Red Baron. The nadir was ‘bloody April’, when von Richtofen’s squadron alone shot down 80 Allied planes. But then, as often before in the air... More
Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1918
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Aircraft Deployment on the Western Front 1918
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In 1918 nearly 6,000 Allied planes and over 4,000 German planes were deployed on the western front. These planes were used for reconnaissance, air to air combat and attacks on enemy infantry. By 1918 these planes were heavy enough to arm with machine guns and carry grenades. They were also... More