Intervention

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  Afghanistan, 1978–84

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  Afghanistan, 1978–84

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  In 1978 the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan led the Saur Revolution against President Daoud Khan, who had begun a crackdown against their growing political influence. The new Communist government, led by Hafizullah Amin, was widely unpopular and quickly garnered armed opposition from Mujahideen (fighters engaged in a jihad) who... More
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  China and Japan: Intervention and Invasions 1927–41

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  China and Japan: Intervention and Invasions 1927–41

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  After the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the new republic soon resorted to martial law, before disintegrating into an unstable network of warlord-run fiefdoms. In 1926 Chiang Kai-Shek, successor of the ex-republican president, moved against the warlords from his Guangdong base. His army, the Kuomintang (KMT), had Soviet advisers, and... More
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  Communist Supply Routes 1959–75

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  Communist Supply Routes 1959–75

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  To sustain the war effort of the Viet Cong and People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in South Vietnam, supply lines were set up through the mountainous dense jungle along the borders with Laos and Cambodia. The Ho Chi Minh trail followed existing paths hidden beneath the jungle canopies and was... More
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  Cromwell in Ireland 1649–57

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  Cromwell in Ireland 1649–57

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  By Cromwell’s Settlement (1652) the proportion of Irish land in Catholic hands fell from 60 to 8 per cent, confined to inland Connacht. Catholics were also banned from towns and public office. The preceding campaign of conquest has become notorious for its brutality. However, other than the massacres that followed... More
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  Post-1945 Military Involvement in Politics

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  Post-1945 Military Involvement in Politics

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  Military rule was ingrained in Latin America from the establishment of the viceroyalties of New Spain and Brazil (the preceding Aztec, Maya and Inca were hardly pacific cultures). The prevailing land use model – vast haciendas, supported by encomienda forced labour or the mass import of slaves – spawned oligarchic... More
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  Post-1945 Military Involvement in Politics in Latin America

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  Post-1945 Military Involvement in Politics in Latin America

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  Following the conclusion of World War II, the schism between the US and the Soviet Union, which formed around their contesting political ideologies, consolidated into the Cold War. The struggle between capitalism and communism spread across most of the developing world and in South America in particular Communist political movements... More
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  Tet Offensive January–March 1968

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  Tet Offensive January–March 1968

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  On 30 January 1968 the North Vietnamese forces and Viet Cong launched the Tet offensive across South Vietnam, marking a significant change from the guerrilla tactics used throughout the war so far. The offensive coincided with the Tet celebration, which marks the arrival of spring in the Vietnamese calendar. This... More
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  The Afghanistan War and Soviet Retreat 1979–89

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  The Afghanistan War and Soviet Retreat 1979–89

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  In 1978, a coup by left-wing army officers overthrew the Afghan government. With Soviet support, a coalition of Communist factions assumed power and began a sweeping programme of land reform, fiercely opposed by the devoutly Muslim majority of the population. Tribal mujahideen (fighters for jihad) rebelled across the country, and,... More
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  US Influence 1896–1952

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  US Influence 1896–1952

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  The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 opposed any further European colonization in the western hemisphere, effectively placed Latin America under US guardianship. In this context, the Spanish-American War (1898–1902), which led to Cuba and Puerto Rico being seized from Spain, was cast as supporting liberation from a colonial aggressor. However, until... More
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  US Influence in Latin America 1898–1970

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  US Influence in Latin America 1898–1970

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  Until the 1890s, the US had little interest in Latin America, but had business interests in Mexican mines and railroads. In the 1890s the US adopted a more outward looking foreign policy and enacted the Monroe doctrine of opposing European colonialism in the region. The US resolved a diplomatic crisis... More
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  Vietnam War 1959–75

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  Vietnam War 1959–75

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  Conflict in South Vietnam began around 1959 when Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem outlawed political violence against the southern Vietnamese regime. The US began providing military assistance to the southern Vietnamese as it was concerned about the spread of communism from the north. Diem was killed in a coup in... More