Fortifications – Page 3 – The Map Archive

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Hadrian’s Wall 122 CE
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Hadrian’s Wall 122 CE
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There are a number of possible motivations for the construction of Hadrian’s Wall, which began in 122 CE, a few years after Hadrian’s ascension to the imperial throne. It symbolized the northernmost reaches of Roman-occupied Britain, however evidence suggests that it may have served more as a customs border or... More
Knoxville 2 September 1863
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Knoxville 2 September 1863
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The Union army was determined to secure the city of Knoxville, Tennessee, to block the East Tennessee and Georgia railroad, which linked the Confederacy east and west. On 2 September 1863, Major General Ambrose Burnside sent Union forces into Knoxville, adding to the besieged Federal forces already there. Much to... More
Landings on Iwo Jima 19 February–26 March 1945
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Landings on Iwo Jima 19 February–26 March 1945
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With the Americans’ capture of the Philippine and Mariana Islands, the Japanese regarded Iwo Jima, with its three airfields and its warning system of air raids against the mainland, as being of increasing importance. Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi accordingly fortified the entire island with a sophisticated and complex network of... More
Leningrad 1942-43
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Leningrad 1942-43
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During the siege of Leningrad (8 September 1941–27 January 1944) the Germans engaged in a systematic bombardment of civilian and military infrastructure in an attempt to crush the morale of those trapped inside. By the end of 1941 the incendiary bombs and shells fired into the city had destroyed the... More
Middle Kingdom and Nubia c. 1993–1828 BCE
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Middle Kingdom and Nubia c. 1993–1828 BCE
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Having eliminated the rival dynasty at Hierakonpolis, the Theban pharaoh, Montjuhotep II, installed a garrison fortress at Abu, where he could monitor desert trading routes and create a springboard to assault an increasingly disaffected Lower Nubia, successfully annexing the region around Buhen. By c. 1872 BCE, Egypt had lost control... More
Mobile Bay August 1864
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Mobile Bay August 1864
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On 3 August 1864, Union forces laid siege to Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island to help Union Admiral David Farragut and his 18-strong fleet seal the last major southern port from Confederate blockade runners. The runners were moving cotton, weapons and supplies for the Confederate forces through the Gulf of... More
Naval Attacks in the Dardanelles 18 March 1915
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Naval Attacks in the Dardanelles 18 March 1915
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In early 1915, the western Allied Powers had a dilemma: how could maritime supply lines be opened to Russia, when the German Navy ws blockading the Baltic while the Ottomans controlled entry to the Black Sea? Deciding the Ottomans were the softer adversary, a Franco-British naval task force was sent... More
Near East Trade with Middle Kingdom Egypt 1991–1640 BCE
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Near East Trade with Middle Kingdom Egypt 1991–1640 BCE
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At the height of the Middle Kingdom power and prosperity were cemented by increasing exploitation of the rich resources afforded by the Near East, either through peaceful commerce, the exaction of tribute or military plunder. It is thought that the pyramid at el-Lisht was built by Semite slaves, brought back... More
Operation Archery 27 September 1941
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Operation Archery 27 September 1941
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British commandos, backed up by the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and Norwegian troops, undertook Operation Archery under Mountbatten, the leader of British Combined Operations. The aim was to take out the local garrison and sink enemy shipping. They would also attempt to destroy the local fish oil factories (the... More
Plan of Stirling Castle
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Plan of Stirling Castle
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While a Pictish stronghold may have originally existed here, the earliest record of the castle dates to Alexander I’s dedication of a chapel in 1110. As with so much else in Scotland, it was catapulted to prominence by David I, who made it a royal burgh (1124) and a centre... More
Pointe du Hoc initial landing to Midday 6 June 1944
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Pointe du Hoc initial landing to Midday 6 June 1944
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Situated on an outcrop between Utah and Omaha beaches, Pointe du Hoc was the site of gun emplacements and a group of casemates, which acted as a vital observation point for defensive positions firing upon the nearby beaches. American Rangers were tasked with ascending the cliffs to reach the defensive... More
Portchester Castle
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Portchester Castle
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As Portus Adurni, Portchester in present-day Hampshire was established as one of the ‘forts of the Saxon shore’, built by the Romans along the southeastern English coast in the 3rd century CE. At the time, Roman Britannia was suffering increasingly from cross-channel marauding from north European tribes. The ‘Count of... More