Fortifications – The Map Archive

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1916 Plan of Douaumont
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1916 Plan of Douaumont
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Construction of Fort Douaumont began around 1885, after the Franco-Prussian War and continued until 1914. The fort was positioned on high ground close to the village of Douaumont. Built on three levels and fully fortified, it was designed for modern warfare, with machine gun turrets, guns and weaponry. There were... More
A Typical Fighter Sector Airfield 1940
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A Typical Fighter Sector Airfield 1940
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It was the role of the fighter sector airfield to receive relevant information regarding its sector from group headquarters and distribute information and commands to smaller airfields under its jurisdiction. At the beginning of the war, grass runways were sufficient for the current weight of bombers and fighters, but as... More
Arkansas Post 9–11 January 1863
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Arkansas Post 9–11 January 1863
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The Confederate fortifications near the Arkansas Post prevented the Union Army from moving south as part of the Vicksburg Campaign. Union shipping was being obstructed on the Mississippi River, of which the Arkansas River was a tributary. On 9 January 1863, the Union army, under the command of Major General... More
Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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The Athenian ‘Long Walls’ were fortifications erected after Xerxes’ invasion of Greece. Building of the walls began as part of a rebuilding programme after Athens was sacked and burned by the Persians. Once the Athenians returned to their city, having defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, construction of... More
Battle of Fort Harrison 28/29 September 1864
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Battle of Fort Harrison 28/29 September 1864
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The Union army was determined to take Fort Harrison, near Richmond, Virginia, an important part of the Confederate defences. The 18th Army Corps, under Union Major Edward O.C Ord, was tasked with making a surprise crossing of the James River, with the intention of cutting the Confederate bridges at Chaffin’s... More
Battle of Kursk 5–13 July 1943
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Battle of Kursk 5–13 July 1943
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The Battle of Kursk saw a clash between German and Soviet ground forces resulting in the largest tank battle of the entire war, involving over 6,000 tanks. The Germans had recently received hundreds of new Tiger heavy tanks and the newly developed Panther tank, which suffered from high rates of... More
Battle of New Bern 12 March 1862
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Battle of New Bern 12 March 1862
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The grandiosely styled ‘Athens of the South’, New Bern was founded by Swiss colonists. By the outbreak of war, it was a prosperous port, and logical target for the Union’s increasingly confident and aggressive deployment of amphibious warfare. In the previous six months, such operations had seized Pamlico Sound, Elizabeth... More
Battle of Verdun: 21 February–8 March 1916
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Battle of Verdun: 21 February–8 March 1916
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By securing the various forts and earthworks of the Région Fortifée de Verdun, General Falkenhayn intended to exploit the area’s historic place in the French psyche in order to draw in French forces and bombard them, causing mass casualties so that France would ‘bleed to death’. Underestimating the German threat... More
Capture of Fort Pillow 12 April 1864
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Capture of Fort Pillow 12 April 1864
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Fort Pillow is notorious for the apparent massacre of its garrison by the Confederate troops of Nathan B. Forrest. What is clear is that the mortality rate was shockingly high, and that the mortality rate of the black defenders thrice that of their white comrades. On the afternoon of 12... More
Château Gaillard 1196-1453
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Château Gaillard 1196-1453
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Machicolations are floorless stone boxes on castle ramparts, used for pouring boiling oil on unwelcome guests. Richard the Lionheart saw them in action on crusade in Syria, and felt impelled to have them fitted in his new top-of-the-range £12,000 castle in Normandy, Château Gaillard. The Château was built (1196–98) on... More
Chinese Expansion During the Ming Dynasty 1368–1644
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Chinese Expansion During the Ming Dynasty 1368–1644
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Over 276 years, 17 emperors ruled the Ming dynasty in a period that saw stability, economic growth, maritime exploration and international trade. The prevention of Mongol resurgence was paramount, with northern garrisons positioned at strategic points and a huge standing army of over one million men. The Great Wall of... More
Danebury Celtic Hillfort c. 6th century BCE
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Danebury Celtic Hillfort c. 6th century BCE
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Danebury is an Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire, England, which was extensively excavated by Barry Cunliffe in the 1970s. When first occupied, around 550 BCE, it was guarded by a single rampart-and-ditch ring but, over time, extra layers of defence were added, with the ramparts mounted by first wood, then... More