Vikings – The Map Archive

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Anglo-Saxon England and the Great Heathen Army 865–73
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Great Heathen Army 865–73
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Ragnar Lodbrok (“Hairy-Breeches”) was a renowned Viking warrior and raider who was, according to Icelandic sagas, captured by the Northumbrian king Aella, and put to death in a pit of snakes. The Great Heathen Army, led by three of Ragnar’s sons, was, the sagas claim, a revenge mission. It was... More
Anglo-Saxon England and the Reconquest of Danelaw 900–19
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Anglo-Saxon England and the Reconquest of Danelaw 900–19
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Edward the Elder’s succession to the throne (899) was challenged by his cousin Aethelwold, who sought Danish support for his claim. A force sent by Edward to quell the rebellion was defeated near Huntingdon (902), but Aethelwold died during the battle, leaving Edward undisputed king. Edward then moved steadily to... More
Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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By 878, the Viking invaders of Britain were suffering mission fatigue. The original Great Heathen Army had split, with a contingent under Halfdan raiding north as far as Scotland. With Northumbria at their mercy, many settled and began to farm the conquered land. The remaining forces under Guthrun harried Wessex... More
Danelaw and England 902–19
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Danelaw and England 902–19
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The five boroughs of Danelaw were established by Alfred the Great through the Peace of Wedmore, agreed with the Danish king Guthrum in 878. When Alfred died he was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder, although Edward’s cousin, Ethelwald, disputed the succession. Ethelwald gained Danish Viking support and invaded... More
Dukedom of Normandy – the Viking Legacy within France 990–1031
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Dukedom of Normandy – the Viking Legacy within France 990–1031
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By 990, the Vikings, through intermarriage and assimilation with the northern French, the Franks, had become French-speaking Christians. Normandy was no longer a Viking colony, but had become a region of France, with the Norse language extinguished. While the Normans recognized the superiority of the king of France, their territory... More
The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042
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The Kingdom of England and the Scandinavian Kings 955–1042
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“The Unready”, King Eathelred’s sobriquet, meant “ill-advised”, but he might justifiably be termed unlucky, as his accession in 979 at 13, was quickly followed by the resumption of concerted Viking raiding after a hiatus of several decades. His defeat by a Viking army at Maldon (991) led to a resumption... More
The Viking Attempt to Seize the English Throne 1066
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The Viking Attempt to Seize the English Throne 1066
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The death of Edward the Confessor ignited a battle of succession for the English throne. While Harold Godwinson had been elected king by the assembly of nobles, his younger brother Tostig had enlisted Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, to support his counterclaim. Sailing up the River Ouse, the Norse invaders... More
The Viking River Road to Constantinople
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The Viking River Road to Constantinople
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Vikings from Sweden first established a settlement at Aldeigjuborg on Lake Ladoga in the late 8th century. The legendary ruler Rurik reputedly founded Novgorod in around 860. The location was a natural trading nexus bestriding the headwaters of the Dvina, Dneister and Volga Rivers flowing respectively to the Baltic, Black... More
The Vikings in York 866–954
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The Vikings in York 866–954
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The Danish Viking army of Ivar the Boneless first took York in 866, but occupation was at first intermittent. After the victory of Alfred the Great over the Viking leader Guthrum in 878, the division of England became more formalized; the Danelaw, the territory where the Vikings held sway, ran... More
Viking Attack on Paris 885–889
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Viking Attack on Paris 885–889
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After plundering Flanders, the Vikings entered the kingdom of the West Franks in 885 and laid siege to the Seine, in the Paris basin. They sailed hundreds of ships, carrying thousands of Viking warriors to the fortifications around Paris. Duke Odo of Francia, who controlled the city, refused to pay... More
Viking Attacks on Anglo-Saxon England c. 886–900
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Viking Attacks on Anglo-Saxon England c. 886–900
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After the Treaty of Wedmore (c. 880), Alfred implemented a comprehensive system of defences designed specifically to counter the Viking threat. He established a network of 33 fortified settlements – burhs – across his kingdom, and a tax, ‘hidage’, to finance their upkeep. The burhs slowed down subsequent Viking incursions,... More
Viking Homelands c. 800–1000
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Viking Homelands c. 800–1000
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A number of theories have been advanced to explain the Viking expansion. The establishment of the Holy Roman Empire by Charlemagne, with the ruthless subjugation and forced Christianization of the Danes’ Saxon neighbours, was clearly influential. The Danevirke, a huge defensive fortification across the neck of the Danish peninsula, was... More