Treaties – The Map Archive

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1860 US Settled Areas
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1860 US Settled Areas
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In 1860 the settled areas extended from the eastern seaboard to the western territories, and north to south from southern Minnesota to eastern Texas. There were pockets of settlements in Utah, Kansas and New Mexico. The Californian and Oregon coasts were also settled. California had become a state in 1850,... More
Africa after the Berlin Conference 1885
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Africa after the Berlin Conference 1885
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At the instigation of Portugal, the Berlin Conference was convened by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, with 13 European powers and the United States represented. Its purpose was to establish a mutually agreed protocol for the colonization of Africa. The Conference reached agreement regarding some existing conflicts between the... More
Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1898–1903
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Alaskan Boundary Dispute 1898–1903
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The Klondike Gold Rush of 1896–98 suddenly made the border between northwestern Canada (then part of the British Empire) and the United States (by then independent and in possession of Alaska after its purchase from Russia in 1867), highly contentious. In addition, there were disagreements concerning the sovereignty of the... More
Allied Occupation Zones of Germany May 1945
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Allied Occupation Zones of Germany May 1945
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After consideration of numerous proposals for the division of Germany between the major Allied countries, the eventual terms of partition were agreed to at the Potsdam Conference in July and August 1945. The agreement followed plans that were originally outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. The Allies established... More
American Migrations 18th and 19th Century
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American Migrations 18th and 19th Century
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Between the 18th and 19th centuries the map of North America is dominated by migrations, many forced. President Andrew Jackson’s Removal Act (1830) pushed Native American populations progressively westwards. The first, and, most catastrophic, consequence was depopulation by disease. Often running ahead of the main body of settlers, initial contacts... More
Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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Anglo-Saxons and Vikings 878–86
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By 878, the Viking invaders of Britain were suffering mission fatigue. The original Great Heathen Army had split, with a contingent under Halfdan raiding north as far as Scotland. With Northumbria at their mercy, many settled and began to farm the conquered land. The remaining forces under Guthrun harried Wessex... More
Antarctica 2000
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Antarctica 2000
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Early classical geographic theories believed that a vast continent existed in the extreme southerly latitudes and the term Antarctic was first used by the Ancient Greek geographer, Marinus of Tyre. The term Terra Australis appeared on world maps from the 15th century meaning “Southern Land”. European explorers rounded the tip... More
Austro-Ottoman Wars 1683–1718
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Austro-Ottoman Wars 1683–1718
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Since the fall of Constantinople in 1571, the Ottoman Empire had expanded into Europe. In 1683, Ottoman forces under military leader and grand vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha invaded Austria and besieged Vienna. A huge relief army of Poles, Germans and Austrian allies under King Jan III Sobieski of Poland overcome... More
Battle of Rhode Island 28–29 August 1778
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Battle of Rhode Island 28–29 August 1778
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The Battle of Rhode Island began on 29 August 1778. Under the Treaty of Alliance, signed in February 1778, the French were fighting on behalf of America. Their combined land and naval forces laid siege to Rhode Island in August 1778, with a view to forcing the British out of... More
British and Soviet Proposals for Zones of Occupation 1945
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British and Soviet Proposals for Zones of Occupation 1945
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As fellow European countries, Britain and the Soviet Union had their own self-interested motivations for the proposed division of Germany. Britain was keen to secure administration of the northernmost sector of the country, which would allow it to oversee the dissolution of the German Navy. The Soviet Union pushed for... More
Bulgaria 1920–44
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Bulgaria 1920–44
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In the aftermath of World War I Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine on 27 November 1919. This formally ceded a number of territories to its neighbouring countries, including some on its border with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and western Thrace, which went to Greece. Like ifs... More
Bulgaria 1945
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Bulgaria 1945
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Towards the end of World War II it became clear that Germany would be defeated and Bulgaria was now threatened by the advancing Red Army. On 26 August 1944, Bulgaria adopted a neutral stance and ordered German troops to leave its territory, however this was not enough to secure favour... More