Sea Routes

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  Arctic Convoys to Russia 1941–45

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  Arctic Convoys to Russia 1941–45

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  After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Britain and its Allies sent convoys of supplies through the Arctic to the Soviet ports of Murmansk and Archangel. Between 1941–45, over four million tons of supplies under the Lend-Lease program, including tanks, aircraft, trucks, tractors, fuel and engines, and general necessities... More
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  Battle of Matapan 28–29 March 1941

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  Battle of Matapan 28–29 March 1941

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  In 1941, it was necessary to disable the Italian navy to ensure Britain’s naval supremacy in the Mediterranean. In November 1940, the British had successfully taken out three Italian battleships at Taranto, Italy. In March 1941, there were signs of increased Italian naval activity around Cape Matapan, southern Greece; intelligence... More
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  Latitude and Longitude

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  Latitude and Longitude

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  The travellers of the ancient world positioned themselves using landmarks and simple maps. This worked well locally, but different methods were needed for travelling further afield across featureless terrain such as sea or desert. Travellers now required a frame of reference, or co-ordinates, to fix their position. In the 3rd... More
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  Packages to Cuba 1962

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  Packages to Cuba 1962

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  After the United States’ botched attempt in the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro, Cuba’s Marxist-Leninist leader, Castro made a secret missile agreement with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian premier. Khrushchev agreed to place Soviet medium range (MRBM) and intermediate range (IRBM) nuclear missile bases in Cuba. America... More
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  Supply Routes to the Western Allies 1939

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  Supply Routes to the Western Allies 1939

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  Following Germany’s Blitzkrieg attack and conquest of Poland in 1939, there was an unexpected period of stalemate in western Europe with little fighting and no major conflicts. Britain, however, was expecting a major German air attack so civil defence plans were enforced, including conscription, food rationing and blackout, along with... More
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  The Cuban Crisis, September–November 1962

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  The Cuban Crisis, September–November 1962

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  By September 1962, the US government had gathered sufficient intelligence to confirm that Russia was building long and medium range nuclear missile bases in Cuba. These missiles could reach continental America within minutes. Kennedy finally organized a quarantine of ships travelling into Cuba, blocking any that were carrying weapons. The... More
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  The Route of the Titanic, April 1912

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  The Route of the Titanic, April 1912

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  The White Star Line commissioned three very large Olympic class ocean liners in 1907 to be built by Harland and Wolff of Belfast, Ireland. Of the three ships, Olympic, Titanic and Britannic the Titanic was the second ship of the class, ordered in 1908 and completed on 2 April 1912.... More
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  The Voyage of the Admiral Scheer October 1940- April 1941

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  The Voyage of the Admiral Scheer October 1940- April 1941

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  The Admiral Scheer was one of three heavy cruisers built by the Reichsmarine – known as Deutschland-class cruisers – in response to the restrictions on the size of warships set out in the Treaty of Versailles. With the Germans employing a strategy of guerre de course (commerce raiding), in October... More
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  Trade in the Roman Empire 180 CE

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  Trade in the Roman Empire 180 CE

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  Transport within the Roman Empire was based on roads, navigable rivers and sea routes and focused on the Mediterranean basin, drawing on the resources of North Africa, Spain, France and the Middle East to feed and supply the fast-growing capital, whose population reached 1 million people at the peak of... More