City Plans – The Map Archive

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Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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The Athenian ‘Long Walls’ were fortifications erected after Xerxes’ invasion of Greece. Building of the walls began as part of a rebuilding programme after Athens was sacked and burned by the Persians. Once the Athenians returned to their city, having defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, construction of... More
Babylon City Plan c. 1000 BCE
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Babylon City Plan c. 1000 BCE
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Ancient Babylon had two main lines of defence: an outer triangle formed by ramparts striking east from the Euphrates, and an inner rectangle of triple mud-brick walls enclosed by a moat. Eight fortified gates pierced the walls. The grandest, Ishtar Gate, was vast and ornate, leading to the Processional Way,... More
Byzantine Constantinople 1260
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Byzantine Constantinople 1260
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During the Fourth Crusade in 1204, much of Constantinople and its priceless architecture was destroyed by the crusading Christian armies from western Europe. Following a lengthy siege, the Latin Christian armies broke through the city’s defences and sacked some of its most important sites, including the Hagia Sofia and Justinian’s... More
Cairo at the Time of Ismail 1869–1870
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Cairo at the Time of Ismail 1869–1870
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As part of his plan to turn Egypt into a world power, Khedive Ismail set about reinventing Cairo in the image of a European city. Alongside sweeping social reforms, including the construction of hundreds of schools and massive expansion of Egypt’s rail network, Ismail began construction of a new area... More
Carthage 145 CE
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Carthage 145 CE
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Carthage vied with Rome for dominance in the Mediterranean in the 3rd century BCE: for its temerity, Rome razed it to the ground in 146 BCE. But the advantages of the site prevailed, and a new city grew up there; by 145 CE, it was the third city of the... More
Chang’an During the Sui and T’ang Dynasties 582–750
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Chang’an During the Sui and T’ang Dynasties 582–750
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The site of the imperial city of Chang’an was expanded and moved south of the original site it occupied during the Han dynasty. When construction of the new city began during the Sui dynasty in 582, it was briefly renamed Daxing; the first emperor of the T’ang dynasty reverted back... More
City of Akhetaten c. 1341 BCE
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City of Akhetaten c. 1341 BCE
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Built on the site of modern Amarna is Akhenaten’s city (c. 1341 BCE). Rejecting Thebes as the religious capital, Akhetaten believed that divine inspiration took him to this fertile flood plain. Here he could worship the only god, Aten, and glorify the royal family. Aten had two open-air temples dedicated... More
City of Alexandria c. 2nd century CE
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City of Alexandria c. 2nd century CE
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Alexandria was established in 331 BCE by its namesake Alexander the Great as the new capital of his empire following his invasion of Egypt. It was designed by the architect Dinocrates who supposedly orientated the street grid to allow the northerly maritime winds to cool the city. The construction of... More
City of Antioch c. 2nd century
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City of Antioch c. 2nd century
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Founded in 312 BCE as the capital of the Seleucid kingdom, which stretched, at its peak, from the Aegean to Afghanistan, Antioch was founded by Seleucus, one of Alexander the Great’s generals. The Seleucid kingdom was consumed by Rome, and by the 2nd century CE, Antioch rivalled Alexandria as the... More
City of Leptis Magna c. 2nd century CE
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City of Leptis Magna c. 2nd century CE
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Leptis Magna was originally a Punic settlement from around the 7th century BCE until 146 BCE when Rome defeated Carthage and the city became part of the Roman republic. Although the city was answerable to Rome, becoming an important maritime trade post for regional agriculture, particularly olive oil, it maintained... More
City of Palmyra c. 2nd century
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City of Palmyra c. 2nd century
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In around the 2nd century CE, Palmyra was established in the middle of a desert, in what is now modern Syria. At this point in its history, the city was a subject of the Roman Empire. It began life as a caravan city, with its inhabitants renowned as wealthy merchants... More
City of Paris 1380
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City of Paris 1380
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In 1328, a census reported 61,098 households in Paris, with perhaps 250,000 inhabitants. In the following century plague and war would halve the population. Its nerve centre was the Île de la Cité, where both the Royal Palace and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame were situated. The Palace also housed the... More