Settlements - Page 8 of 9 - The Map Archive

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The City of Rome c. 1000
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The City of Rome c. 1000
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Following the end of the Roman Empire the ‘patrimony of Saint Peter’ consisted of a jumble of far-flung estates bequeathed to the papacy by wealthy Romans in the twilight of the Empire. However, the Byzantine Emperor had confiscated papal estates in southern Italy, Sicily and Illyricum during the great Iconoclastic... More
The City of Rome c. 14 CE
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The City of Rome c. 14 CE
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In his memoir, the Roman Emperor Augustus claimed ‘I found a city made of sun-dried brick, I left her clothed in marble’. Above all, Augustus brought the gift of peace, after the protracted civil war that saw his emergence. In his long reign (31 BCE–14 CE) he went on to... More
The City of Rome c. 235–312 CE
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The City of Rome c. 235–312 CE
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During this period, the Roman Empire became a tetrarchy (ruled by four emperors), and nearly collapsed under the pressure of internal disputes, economic depression, plague and revolts. Rome, the capital of the empire, became increasingly vulnerable to attacks from Germanic tribes. In 271–275 CE, Emperor Aurelian built a defensive city... More
The City-States 8th century BCE
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The City-States 8th century BCE
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In the competitive and turbulent environment of archaic Greece, the establishment of colonies gave the domestic city-states an edge over their rivals. This rivalry was also supra-national: the Etruscans and Phoenicians were also very active seafaring traders and colonizers in this period. In the 8th century BCE, ‘homeland’ Greece, to... More
The Construction Phases of Troy c. 3000–1900 BCE
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The Construction Phases of Troy c. 3000–1900 BCE
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The site of Troy, near the Dardanelles Straits in northwestern Turkey, was first extensively excavated by Heinrich von Schliemann (1870–90). He was guided by earlier speculation that it might house the remains of the famous city of antiquity laid siege to by the Mycenaean Greeks, and immortalized by Homer. The... More
The Danelaw c. 912
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The Danelaw c. 912
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By the 8th century the four main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia and Northumbria. But in the 9th century sporadic Viking raiders began to arrive from the north and the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms faced a huge upheaval. After a period of In 865 the Danes mounted a full-scale invasion,... More
The Defences of Egypt c. 1500 BCE
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The Defences of Egypt c. 1500 BCE
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Pharaoh Senusret III (1878–1839 BCE) was venerated as a god in the Semna region on the Nubian borders, out of awe for the scale of his building projects. He erected massive twin fortresses at Semna and Kumma on opposite banks of the Nile. To reinforce Egypt’s defences against Nubian or... More
The Evidence of Pottery from 2550 BCE
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The Evidence of Pottery from 2550 BCE
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The Indus valley civilization was at its peak from c. 2550 BCE. Urbanized and sophisticated, the culture’s signature pottery had black designs on a red (from ferric oxide) base, but also produced ware in a range of different colours. The Indus valley settlements began to decline from around 1800 BCE,... More
The Expansion of London c. 1600–1800
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The Expansion of London c. 1600–1800
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The impetus for the westward expansion of Stuart London came from grandees seeking easy access to the royal palaces of St James and Whitehall, and to the parliament at Westminster. The architect Inigo Jones was commissioned to create the suburb of Covent Garden in the 1630s; Bloomsbury, St James’s and... More
The Fertile Crescent from 9000 BCE
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The Fertile Crescent from 9000 BCE
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The crescent of fertile land that curves from the Nile Valley to the Persian Gulf is commonly credited as the cradle of civilization. It enjoyed several unique advantages: on the land bridge between three continents, it retained greater biodiversity than the surrounding landmasses, particularly of edible and potential cultivar plants.... More
The First City of Rome 7th–4th century BCE
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The First City of Rome 7th–4th century BCE
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By the dawn of the Republic in 509 BCE, Rome was a substantial settlement. Its first bridge spanning the Tiber, Pons Sublicius, had been built by its fourth king, Ancus Marcius, in 642 BCE, channelling trade to a bustling cattle and food market, the Forum Boarium, and the city docks... More
The Growth of London 1350–1590
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The Growth of London 1350–1590
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Since medieval times, London has expanded from a walled city. The separate town of Westminster became significant with the building of Westminster Hall and Westminster Abbey, an area that was home to the royal court and later parliament. The River Thames was a critical gateway for wool and agricultural exports,... More