Settlements - The Map Archive

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Administrative Nomes of Lower Egypt c. 1550 BCE
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Administrative Nomes of Lower Egypt c. 1550 BCE
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The ‘nomes’, or administrative  divisions of ancient Egypt, are named after the Greek nomos, meaning ‘law’. The number of nomes and their boundaries changed over time, and the location of some are still uncertain. Each nome was represented by its own symbol, often depicted on temple walls. The capital city... More
All Roads Lead to Dublin – the Georgian Economy
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All Roads Lead to Dublin – the Georgian Economy
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The prosperity of the 18th century translated into a rapid improvement in Ireland’s infrastructure. Financed from Dublin, the transport network radiated from the city, a combination of turnpike roads and canals. The port of Dublin’s dominance was accentuated by the steady elimination of punitive duties originally imposed by England on... More
Ancient Tiahuanaco c. 300 BCE
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Ancient Tiahuanaco c. 300 BCE
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The site of Tiahuanaco on Lake Titicaca in the Andean altiplano was first settled almost 4,000 years ago. The major constructions of apparent ceremonial significance date to around 300 BCE, and it appears to have developed regional significance as a place of veneration and pilgrimage. Around 400 CE religious power... More
Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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Athens – Long Walls c. 475 BCE
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The Athenian ‘Long Walls’ were fortifications erected after Xerxes’ invasion of Greece. Building of the walls began as part of a rebuilding programme after Athens was sacked and burned by the Persians. Once the Athenians returned to their city, having defeated the Persians at the Battle of Plataea, construction of... More
Babylon City Plan c. 1000 BCE
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Babylon City Plan c. 1000 BCE
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Ancient Babylon had two main lines of defence: an outer triangle formed by ramparts striking east from the Euphrates, and an inner rectangle of triple mud-brick walls enclosed by a moat. Eight fortified gates pierced the walls. The grandest, Ishtar Gate, was vast and ornate, leading to the Processional Way,... More
Baghdad 2006
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Baghdad 2006
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Baghdad’s religious make-up has historically been contested between Sunni and Shia Muslims, however the 2003 invasion by the US and its allies provided the backdrop for a sharp rise in sectarian violence. This violence fully erupted in 2006 following the 22 February bombing of the al-Askari mosque in Samarra, one... More
Bombing Baghdad, Primary Targets 17 January–28 February 1991
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Bombing Baghdad, Primary Targets 17 January–28 February 1991
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The Gulf War’s combat phase began on 17 January after the deadline for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait expired. A 35-nation coalition, led by the US, sent numerous air sorties over Iraq and Kuwait, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs. While precision-guided munitions and cruise missiles were destroying airfields and radar... More
Cairo at the Time of Ismail 1869–1870
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Cairo at the Time of Ismail 1869–1870
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As part of his plan to turn Egypt into a world power, Khedive Ismail set about reinventing Cairo in the image of a European city. Alongside sweeping social reforms, including the construction of hundreds of schools and massive expansion of Egypt’s rail network, Ismail began construction of a new area... More
Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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Cairo at the time of Sultan Al-Nasir c. 1295
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In 969 the Fatimid dynasty established Cairo as their capital, near the site from which ibn Tulun and his successors enjoyed brief independence, ruling Egypt and Syria (868–905). Ibn Tulun’s city was razed to the ground (905), when the Abbasids reasserted control, but his mosque survived. By the 12th century,... More
Carthage 145 CE
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Carthage 145 CE
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Carthage vied with Rome for dominance in the Mediterranean in the 3rd century BCE: for its temerity, Rome razed it to the ground in 146 BCE. But the advantages of the site prevailed, and a new city grew up there; by 145 CE, it was the third city of the... More
Catal-Huyuk c. 6000 BCE
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Catal-Huyuk c. 6000 BCE
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Catal-Huyuk was a huge settlement established c. 6000 BCE in south-central Anatolia. It is one of the largest and most advanced Neolithic sites ever uncovered and is represents the shift from nomadic life into permanent settlements. Catal-Huyuk is thought to have grown as farming began to flourish, with the region’s... More
Chiefdoms of the Mississippi c. 1500 BCE–400 CE
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Chiefdoms of the Mississippi c. 1500 BCE–400 CE
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Watson Brake, in northern Louisiana, is the oldest example of the mound-building cultures that would come to dominate the Mississippi river basin. Initiated in around 3500 BCE, 11 mounds form an oval 900 feet (274 m) across. Nearby Poverty Point represents the apogee of this early phase, with six massive... More