Regime Change

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Central Europe 1789
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Central Europe 1789
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In the first partition of Poland in 1772 substantial areas of Polish territory had been annexed by Austria, Russia and Prussia, changing the balance of power in Central Europe. In 1789 the eruption of the French Revolution began a further wave of fundamental change within the traditional social hierarchy across... More
China, the Xinhai Revolution 1911
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China, the Xinhai Revolution 1911
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The 1911 Xinhai Revolution was a democratic nationalist revolt that overthrew the Qing imperial dynasty, which had been established in China since 1636. The revolt was led by a group of revolutionaries who were determined to eliminate the imperial system and establish the ‘Republic of China’. When, on 10 October... More
Cultural Revolution in China  1966–76
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Cultural Revolution in China  1966–76
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Following many years of poverty and famine, in 1966 the Communist leader Mao Zedong launched ‘the (Great Proletarian) Cultural Revolution’ in an attempt to recentralize his position in the party, to reinvigorate its Marxist ideology, and to combat reactionary, capitalist tendencies. Cadres of young, zealous ‘Red Guards’ were recruited around... More
France 1791
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France 1791
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The Constituent National Assembly introduced the départements in 1790 as a perfect expression of Revolutionary iconoclasm and rationalism. The old provinces were intentionally eliminated in both name and form. Their accretion of historical happenstance, accumulated privileges and ‘customary law’ jurisdictions had epitomized the defects of the Ancien Régime and was... More
Haitian Revolution 1791–1803
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Haitian Revolution 1791–1803
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A former slave and educated Roman Catholic, Toussaint L’Ouverture (the ‘Black Napoleon’) led the Haitian Revolution in 1791. L’Ouverture, inspired by the French Revolution and its rhetoric of equality and independence and appalled by the abuses suffered by generations of African slaves at the hands of white planters, joined the... More
Petrograd 1917
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Petrograd 1917
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Events in Petrograd in 1917 had the benefit of a full-dress rehearsal. In 1905, a series of famines and military humiliation in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) led to revolution, including the first emergence of the Petrograd Soviet. By the fourth year of World War I, the same catalysts were in... More
Republic of Texas 1836–60
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Republic of Texas 1836–60
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The Republic of Texas came into being through the revolution of 1835–36 against the Mexican government. Mexico refused to recognize its independence, nor its subsequent annexation and granting of statehood by the United States in 1845. In 1848 Mexico was defeated in the ensuing US-Mexican War, and Texas, confirmed as... More
The ‘Glorious Revolution’ 1660–91
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The ‘Glorious Revolution’ 1660–91
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Restoration England seethed with intrigue, real and imagined. Titus Oates, a serial perjurer, caused 15 executions through his fabricated accusations of a ‘Popish Plot’. Most genuine plots were anti-Catholic; Yorkshire hosted two republican cabals in 1663, while the Rye House plot (1683) aimed to assassinate the king and his Catholic... More
The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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The Bolshevik Seizure of Power November 1917–February 1918
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When Trotsky consigned the Bolsheviks’ rivals in Petrograd to ‘the dustbin of history’, he seemed ridiculously premature. Russia was awash with rival factions vying for power, most of which seemed to have stronger prospects of ultimate success than Lenin’s band of revolutionaries. But the Bolsheviks had some crucial advantages. To... More
The Failure of International Revolution and the Rise of Fascism 1919–35
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The Failure of International Revolution and the Rise of Fascism 1919–35
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Trotsky abandoned peace talks with Germany in 1918, because he believed his counterparties would soon be swept from power by a Communist revolution sweeping the globe. In fact, the Communists briefly threatened to take power in Germany in January 1919, but were ruthlessly suppressed: an isolated ‘Bavarian Soviet Republic’ lingered... More
The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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The Mongol (Yuan) Period c.1300
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Succeeding the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty, the Yuan was ancient China’s first foreign-led empire. Under the leadership of Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan), the Mongols implemented regimes and a class system that marginalized the Chinese. They focussed on foreign trade, with the Venetian trader Marco Polo... More
The Russian Civil War March 1918–March 1921
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The Russian Civil War March 1918–March 1921
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After taking control of Petrograd in the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks promptly demobilized the Russian army. Now effectively defenceless, Russia was forced to accept a ruinous treaty at Brest-Litovsk in March, 1918, ceding vast areas of territory to the Central Powers. They were soon embroiled in a complex civil war.... More