Religion – Page 14 – The Map Archive

Showing 157–168 of 216 results

The Empire and the Papacy c. 1150
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The Empire and the Papacy c. 1150
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The ‘Walk to Canossa’ (1077) epitomized a reassertion of papal authority over the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Henry IV trekked through the Alps in midwinter to seek absolution for his excommunication from Pope Gregory VII. In the previous century, the emperors had been very much in the ascendant, frequently deposing... More
The English Reformation 1531–71
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The English Reformation 1531–71
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The Pilgrimage of Grace was a mass uprising in Yorkshire and Westmoreland (1536–37) against the suppression of Catholic religious houses then being enacted. The rebels were careful to confirm their loyalty to the king, Henry VIII; their grievance was centred on his advisers, notably, Thomas Cromwell, architect of the contested... More
The Fall of Kievan Rus c. 1240
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The Fall of Kievan Rus c. 1240
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Kievan Rus was a loose federation of Slavic lands that had coalesced from the 9th century. This loose Federation of city-states was held together by the family bonds of the ruling princes. The Ruikovichi, who were descended from the Varangian chieftain, Rurik. Vladimir (r. 980-1015) ruled from Kiev, and his... More
The Faultline of Faith 1945
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The Faultline of Faith 1945
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Many members of the clergy had cooperated with the anti-Bolshevik White Armies during the Russian civil war of 1918–22 and the Church was subject to severe persecution throughout the 1920s and 1930s, although Soviet figures estimate that one-third of the urban population and two-thirds of the rural population still held... More
The First Crusade 1096–99
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The First Crusade 1096–99
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The ‘official’ start date for the First Crusade ordained by Pope Urban II was 15 August 1096, the Feast of the Assumption. Caught up in the general fervour, unofficial armies of peasants, accompanied by knights errant, set off early under the loose command of a charismatic priest, Peter the Hermit.... More
The Fourth Crusade 1202–04
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The Fourth Crusade 1202–04
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From the moment it sailed, the Fourth Crusade was dominated by the commercial and political imperatives of the supplier of their fleet, the Doge of Venice. With the crusaders unable to pay, the Doge threatened to intern them in the harbor unless they subdued Venice’s trading competitors in the Adriatic,... More
The Geography of the Muslim Lands c. 2000
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The Geography of the Muslim Lands c. 2000
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The Muslim world (2000) is a vast region that stretches from northern and sub Saharan Africa, through the Middle East, Balkans, Central Asia, southern Philippines and into Malaysia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia. Major populations tend to be concentrated in arid zones, such as northern and sub-Saharan Africa or Kazakhstan,... More
The Great Mosque of Kilwa from c. 950
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The Great Mosque of Kilwa from c. 950
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The Great Mosque of Kilwa in Tanzania is said to be one of the earliest of its kind in East Africa. Although it is now in ruins, it was built when Kilwa Kisiwani (‘isle of the fish’), was once a flourishing empire. The mosque was constructed in at least two... More
The Great Schism of 1054
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The Great Schism of 1054
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The Eastern and Western churches had become increasingly estranged from the 5h century onwards. Doctrinal divisions were reflected in growing cultural divisions. In the Byzantine church the head of state was also head of the church – irreconcilable with the independence (at least in aspiration) of the papacy. Pope Leo... More
The Growth of the Hajj
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The Growth of the Hajj
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The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca occurs during the last month of the Islamic calendar and, as one of the five pillars of Islam, is a journey every Muslim should make at least once during their lifetime. With the advent of modern technologies, particularly cheap air travel, the number of foreign... More
The Growth of Universities 12th–15th centuries
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The Growth of Universities 12th–15th centuries
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The precursor to the development of universities in Europe was the reform programme of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85), whose centralization of papal power and expansion of canon law led to a drive for the professionalization of the clergy. His 1079 papal decree regulated the formation of cathedral schools, some of... More
The Holy Church in the British Isles c. 1500
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The Holy Church in the British Isles c. 1500
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The English Reformation was essentially a political confection, driven by Henry VIII, without the powerful grass-roots element of its German predecessors. The Black Death had already devastated many monastic communities and many thenceforth fell into decline, but this process was mitigated by the rise of mendicant orders. There is limited... More