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Pentecostalism in the World 2000
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Pentecostalism in the World 2000
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Nearly all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to the Azusa Street Revival, in Los Angeles (1906–10). In 1914 several small Pentecostal groups in Hot Springs, Arkansas, formed the intensely mission-conscious Assemblies of God, which combined foreign missions with domestic outreach amongst urban populations, on Indian reservations and in prisons. They... More
Persian Armenia c. 450
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Persian Armenia c. 450
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By the middle of the 5th century, Persian Armenia had maintained a rather precarious independence for four centuries in the border zones of competing empires, first Rome and Parthia, later the Byzantines and Sassanids. Their kingdom converted to Christianity in 301 but, in 428, accepted the suzerainty of the Zoroastrian... More
Prayer Book Rebellion 1549
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Prayer Book Rebellion 1549
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The Act of Uniformity made it law for Cranmer’s Protestant Book of Common Prayer, published in 1549, to be used in all English churches. Some churches were happy to use the new prayer book, which decreed that all services be conducted in English, while others, while prepared to adhere to... More
Printing Presses in Europe c. 1450
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Printing Presses in Europe c. 1450
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Johannes Gutenberg was a goldsmith in Mainz, who managed, after years of painstaking experiment, to perfect the manufacture of small metal movable type. Guttenberg produced 200 copies of his revolutionary 42-line Bible in 1453. The new technology took off, and by 1461 a rival in Bamberg, Albrecht Pfister, had produced... More
Reformation in Europe 1520–1600
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Reformation in Europe 1520–1600
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Indugences were payments to the Catholic Church that purchased a penance-free absolution for certain sins. The German Dominican Friar Johann Tetzel was an indulgence-seller supreme: his marketing jingle ‘when a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs’. The priest and theologist Martin Luther was outraged: his 95... More
Religious Affiliations in Europe at the time of the Treaties of Utrecht 1713–14
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Religious Affiliations in Europe at the time of the Treaties of Utrecht 1713–14
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The War of the Spanish Succession marked the culmination – and conclusion – of two centuries of conflicts driven by religious differences, which began with the Protestant Reformation. The war began as a consequence of the French king Louis XIV’s attempts to place his grandson on the Spanish throne, which... More
Reverend John Campbell in South Africa 1815
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Reverend John Campbell in South Africa 1815
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By the 19th century, when the Cape Colony came under British rule, South Africa was a major hub for maritime trade between Asia and Europe, and in the wake of traders came successive waves of Christian missionaries, originating in the Netherlands, the British Isles, France in the United States. Many... More
South Asian Religions from 1947
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South Asian Religions from 1947
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Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka share a common history of British colonial rule, and have experienced missionary activities from Christians that date back many centuries. A Muslim majority is found in Pakistan (95%) and Bangladesh (89.5%), while Hinduism is the dominant religion in India (80.5%) and Buddhism in Sri Lanka... More
Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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Spanish Colonial California from 1769
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The Spanish colonization of California began in 1769, with the establishment of a presidio, or fort, at San Diego, followed by a steady progression up the coast. Further presidios were sited at Monterey (1777), which became the provincial seat of government, San Francisco (1776) and Santa Barbara (1786). While the... More
The Armenian Genocide 1915
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The Armenian Genocide 1915
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On the eve of World War I, there were 2 million Armenians in the declining Ottoman Empire. By 1922, there were fewer than 400,000. In 1908 the Young Turk movement of discontented junior army officers seized power, determined to modernise and nationalise the Empire. In 1914 they entered World War... More
The Battle of Muret and Later Crusades 1213–29
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The Battle of Muret and Later Crusades 1213–29
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Following the initial crusade against the heretical Cathars in southwest France, the northern baron Simon of Montfort had been awarded substantial territory as a reward for taking up arms against them. In 1213 Peter II of Aragon, who was a Catholic, intervened because he was alarmed by de Montfort’s growing... More
The Christian Churches of Manila c. 1650
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The Christian Churches of Manila c. 1650
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The one significant Spanish territory in Asia was the Philippines, first claimed for Spain by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and named for a Spanish king. The first Catholic mass was conducted on the island of Limasawa on Easter Sunday, 1521. Within a month the king and queen of Cebu had... More