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Irish Penal Laws
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Irish Penal Laws
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The Irish statesman, Edmund Burke, described the Penal Laws thus: ‘a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance, as well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of a people… as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man’. The Laws were promulgated piecemeal from the Tudor Reformation onwards, then intensified... More
Irish Plantations 1605–20
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Irish Plantations 1605–20
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Although the English first established plantations (confiscated and colonized lands) in Ireland from the 12th century, the 16th–17th centuries plantations were Protestant and displaced Catholic rule in much of Ireland. The first Protestant plantation, established in 1582, was Munster. To settle this region, the English colonizers brutally suppressed resistance (destroying... More
Jesuit Missions 1630–1730
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Jesuit Missions 1630–1730
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The Jesuits arrived in Brazil in 1540 just six years after the foundation of the order, reaching the highlands of Paraguay in 1587. They set out to found Christian societies in the impenetrable jungles of the continent. The model communities the Jesuits set up in Latin America were known as... More
Lombards in Italy 590–732
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Lombards in Italy 590–732
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The year 590 marked the death of Authari, king of the Lombards, a Germanic tribe that had originated in Scandinavia, who ruled much of the Italian peninsula from 568. His wife Theodelinda, a Bavarian princess, later remarried and did much to promote Nicene Christianity within Lombardian society. This was at... More
Manx Keeills 500–1100 CE
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Manx Keeills 500–1100 CE
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Keeill is a Gaelic name for the many Christian chapels once scattered across the island of Manx (the Isle of Man). Constructed as solitary ‘cells’ or ‘keeills’ by clergy who acted as spiritual advisors to the local community, the earliest keeills are thought to have been made from mud and... More
Medieval Heresy and Dissent
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Medieval Heresy and Dissent
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Medieval Christianity was riven by dissenting religious movements that the Church anathematized as ‘heresies’. Of all the mediaeval heretical groups, the Albigensians, or Cathars, presented the most radical threat to Christian orthodoxy, believing that there were two Gods, the good God of the spiritual world and the evil God of... More
Medieval Western Christendom 1303–1420
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Medieval Western Christendom 1303–1420
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Owing to civil unrest in Rome, Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon in 1309. Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377, but soon regretted his decision. He planned to return to Avignon but died before the move could be executed: in the ensuing chaos, rival popes... More
Monasteries in Early Russia 14th–15th centuries
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Monasteries in Early Russia 14th–15th centuries
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Christianity in Kievan Rus dates back to the 9th century, becoming the dominant religion after the conversion of Vladimir the Great in 988. Early Russian monastics were often cave–dwellers and/or hermits like St Anthony of Kiev; the size of a typical community was in single figures, or met only for... More
Mormonism in the USA 1830–47
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Mormonism in the USA 1830–47
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In the early 19th century, western New York State was described as the ‘burned-over’ district, ablaze with evangelism from multiple religious revivals, postmillennialists prophesying the second coming, and various utopian communes. In this febrile atmosphere, young Joseph Smith’s visions of angels leading him to the ancient prophet’s sacred Book of... More
Online Christian Preaching 2000
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Online Christian Preaching 2000
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The internet has transformed the way in which humans access information and communicate with each other and its impact on Christians has been profound. The internet has created an online Christian community worldwide and has facilitated the dissemination of the Christian message to an unprecedentedly large global communion. Religious leaders... More
Organization of the Christian Church at the Synod of Chalcedon 451 CE
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Organization of the Christian Church at the Synod of Chalcedon 451 CE
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In 451 CE, the fourth ecumenical council of the Christian Church convened in Chalcedon, Turkey. It was here that over 520 bishops met to agree on the doctrinal canons of Christianity. These included the Nicene Creed: God is the trinity of Father, Son and Holy Ghost, a view accepted by... More
Pentecostalism in the United States 1900–14
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Pentecostalism in the United States 1900–14
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Charles Fox Parham’s Bethel Bible College at Topeka in Kansas, was the source of the Pentecostal movement. It was here that Parham’s students began to speak in ‘tongues’ – ecstatic speech or glossolalia. Initially met with disbelief and ridicule, Parham’s espousal of the practice of faith healing also became a... More