Political - Page 31 of 32 - The Map Archive

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Unification of Italy 1859–70
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Unification of Italy 1859–70
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As with Germany, Italian nationalism was incubated under Napoleonic rule. The Carbonari, an aristocratic secret society, spread insurrection with foreign aid, while Mazzini’s Young Italy movement was grassroots and republican. Rebellions in 1848 were quickly snuffed out, but in 1859 the kingdom of Sardinia annexed Lombardy from the Austrians after... More
Unification of Wales 800
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Unification of Wales 800
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The Kings of Gwynedd were the dominant force in Wales from the 9th century, but their own laws of succession, with their realms being divided between their male heirs, repeatedly confounded their ambitions to rule all of Wales. In addition, they had to fend off repeated Saxon invasions, usually from... More
Unification of Wales and England 1536
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Unification of Wales and England 1536
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The Marcher Lords of Wales were a throwback to the Norman Conquest, enjoying wide feudal powers, including the right to build castles, administer their own justice and even (theoretically, at least) to declare war. Over the centuries these powers had eroded, through the reversion of lordships (without heir) to the... More
Union Pacific 1862–1961
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Union Pacific 1862–1961
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President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act (1862), which directed the Union Pacific (UP) and Central Pacific (CP) to build the US’s first transcontinental railroad. The railroad was to stretch from Missouri to the Pacific, described by a Boston paper as a ‘ruinous space’, both to encourage trade and settlement... More
United Nations Partition Plan November 1947
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United Nations Partition Plan November 1947
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In 1947, the UN voted for the partition of Palestine to create independent Jewish and Arab sectors. Jews and Arabs in the region had been at odds for decades; while the Zionist Jews sought an independent state, the native Arabs wanted to stem Jewish immigration and set up a secular... More
US Expansion 1867–1903
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US Expansion 1867–1903
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Between 1867–1903, the United States acquired Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa and the Philippines. The Panama Canal zone, which consisted of the canal and a 5-mile (9.8-km) radius on each bank, was made ‘unincorporated US territory’ in 1903 by the new Republic of Panama. Alaska was purchased from... More
US Influence 1896–1952
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US Influence 1896–1952
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The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 opposed any further European colonization in the western hemisphere, effectively placed Latin America under US guardianship. In this context, the Spanish-American War (1898–1902), which led to Cuba and Puerto Rico being seized from Spain, was cast as supporting liberation from a colonial aggressor. However, until... More
US Influence in Latin America 1898–1970
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US Influence in Latin America 1898–1970
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Until the 1890s, the US had little interest in Latin America, but had business interests in Mexican mines and railroads. In the 1890s the US adopted a more outward looking foreign policy and enacted the Monroe doctrine of opposing European colonialism in the region. The US resolved a diplomatic crisis... More
US Railroad Monopolies
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US Railroad Monopolies
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By the turn of the 20th century, the American railroad network was largely controlled by a handful of tycoons. High monopolistic rail freight rates had been successfully challenged in the east by the Grange farmers’ movement, but the issue succeeded in capturing presidential attention in 1901, with a battle for... More
US Railroads 1890
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US Railroads 1890
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The 1880s was the decade that saw the greatest total railroad mileage constructed in American history, however the majority of this expansion occurred outside the eastern states, which had previously been the railroad heartland. The prosperous economic climate of the 1880s provided the funding and incentives for railroad development into... More
US Railroads 1900
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US Railroads 1900
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Between 1890–1900 the rate of new railroad construction had dropped significantly from the peak of the early 1880s. The trend of network growth into the western states continued as their coverage began to catch up with the states of the east coast. The introduction of two major safety innovations, the... More
US Soldiers by State 1917–18
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US Soldiers by State 1917–18
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After the US declared war upon the Central Powers in April, 1917, President Wilson introduced compulsory conscription. This was after the first six weeks of voluntary enlistment produced only 73,000 recruits, rather than the anticipated million. The Selective Service Act introduced a ‘liability of military service of all male citizens’... More